PROCURE AQUI SEU SOBRENOME JUDAICO

Muitos Brasileiros são Descendentes de Judeus

Você sabia que muitos Brasileiros são Descendentes de Judeus?  Por Marcelo M. Guimarães   Um povo para ser destacado dentre as nações precisa conhecer sua identidade, buscando profundamente suas raízes. Os povos formadores do tronco racial do Brasil são perfeitamente conhecidos, como: o índio, o negro e o branco, destacando o elemento português, nosso colonizador. Mas, quem foram estes brancos portugueses? Pôr que eles vieram colonizar o Brasil ? Viriam eles atraídos só pelas riquezas e Maravilhas da terra Pau-Brasil ? A grande verdade é que muitos historiadores do Brasil colonial ocultaram uma casta étnica que havia em Portugal denominada por cristãos-novos, ou seja, os Judeus ! Pôr que ?  (responder esta pergunta poderia ser objeto de um outro artigo).  Em 1499, já quase não havia mais judeus em Portugal, pois estes agora tinham uma outra denominação: eram os cristãos-novos. Eles eram proibidos de deixar o país, a fim de não desmantelar a situação financeira e comercial daquela época, pois os judeus eram prósperos.  Os judeus sefarditas, então, eram obrigados a viver numa situação penosa, pois, por um lado, eram obrigados a confessar a fé cristã e por outro, seus bens eram espoliados, viviam humilhados e confinados naquela país. Voltar para Espanha, de onde foram expulsos, era impossível, bem como seguir em frente, tendo à vista o imenso oceano Atlântico. O milagre do Mar Vermelho se abrindo, registrado no Livro de Exôdo, precisava acontecer novamente. Naquele momento de crise, perseguição e desespero, uma porta se abriu: providência divina ou não, um corajoso português rasga o grande oceano com sua esquadra e, em abril de 1500, o Brasil foi descoberto. Na própria expedição de Pedro Álvares Cabral já aparecem alguns judeus, dentre eles, Gaspar Lemos, Capitão-mor, que gozava de grande prestígio com o Rei D. Manuel. Podemos imaginar que tamanha alegria regressou Gaspar Lemos a Portugal, levando consigo esta boa nova: - descobria-se um paraíso, uma terra cheia de rios e montanha, fauna e flora jamais vistos. Teria pensado consigo: não seria ela uma “terra escolhida” para meus irmãos hebreus ? Esta imaginação começou a tornar-se realidade quando o judeu Fernando de Noronha, primeiro arrendatário do Brasil, demanda trazer um grande número de mão de obra para explorar seiscentas milhas da costa, construindo e guarnecendo fortalezas na obrigação de pagar uma taxa de arrendamento à coroa portuguesa a partir do terceiro ano. Assim, milhares e milhares de judeus fugindo da chamada “Santa Inquisição” e das perseguições do “Santo Ofício” de Roma, começaram a colonizar este país.   Afinal, os judeus ibéricos, como qualquer outro judeu da diáspora, procurava um lugar tranqüilo e seguro para ali se estabelecer, trabalhar, e criar sua família dignamente. O tema é muito vasto e de grande riqueza bibliográfica e histórica. Assim, queremos com esta matéria abordar ligeiramente o referido tema, despertando, principalmente, o leitor interessado que vive fora da comunidade judaica. Neste pequeno estudo, queremos mencionar a influência judaica na formação da raça brasileira, apresentando apenas alguns fatos históricos importantes ocorridos no Brasil colonial, destacando uma lista de nomes de judeus-portugueses e brasileiros que enfrentaram os julgamentos do “Santo Ofício” no período da Inquisição. Os fatos históricos são muitos e podem ser encontrados em vários livros que tratam com detalhes desse assunto, como já mencionado. Comecemos, então, apresentando um pequeno resumo da história dos judeus estendendo até ao período do Brasil Colonial. Desde a época em que o Rei Nabucodonosor conquistou Israel, os hebreus começaram a imigrar-se para a península ibérica. A comunidade judaica na península cresceu ainda mais durante os séculos II e I A.C., no período dos judeus Macabeus. Mais tarde, depois de Cristo, no ano 70, o imperador Tito ordenou destruir Jerusalém, determinando a expulsão de todo judeu de sua própria terra. A derrota final ocorreu com Bar Kochba no ano 135 d.C, já na diáspora propriamente dita. A história confirma a presença dos judeus ibéricos, também denominados “sefaradim”, nessa península, no período dos godos, como comprovam as leis góticas que já os discriminavam dos cristãos. As relações judaico-cristãs começaram a agravar-se rapidamente após a chegada a Portugal de 120.000 judeus fugitivos e expulsos pela Inquisição Espanhola por meio do decreto dos Reis Fernando e Isabel em 31.03.1492. Não demorou muito, a situação também se agravava em Portugal com o casamento entre D. Manoel I e Isabel, princesa espanhola filha dos reis católicos. Várias leis foram publicadas nessa época, destacando-se o édito de expulsão de D. Manoel I. Mais de 190.000 judeus foram forçados a confessar a fé católica, e após o batismo eram denominados “cristãos-novos”, quando mudavam também os seus nomes. Várias atrocidades foram cometidas contra os judeus, que tinham seus bens confiscados, saqueados, sendo suas mulheres prostituídas e atiradas às chamas das fogueiras e as crianças tinham seus crânios esmagados dentro das próprias casas. O descobrimento do Brasil em 1500 veio a ensejar uma nova oportunidade para esse povo sofrido. Já em 1503 milhares de “cristãos-novos” vieram para o Brasil auxiliar na colonização. Em 1531, Portugal obteve de Roma a indicação de um Inquisidor Oficial para o Reino, e em 1540, Lisboa promulgou seu primeiro Auto-de-fé. Daí em diante o Brasil passou a ser terra de exílio, para onde eram transportados todos os réus de crimes comuns, bem como judaizantes, ou seja, aqueles que se diziam aparentemente cristãos-novos, porém, continuavam em secreto a professar a fé judaica. E é nesses judaizantes portugueses que vieram para o Brasil nessa época que queremos concentrar nossa atenção. De uma simples terra de exílio a situação evoluiu e o Brasil passou a ser visto como colônia. Em 1591 um oficial da Inquisição era designado para a Bahia, então capital do Brasil. Não demorou muito, já em 1624, a Santa Inquisição de Lisboa processava pela primeira vez contra 25 judaizantes brasileiros (os nomes abaixo foram extraídos dos arquivos da Inquisição da Torre do Tombo, em Lisboa). Os nomes dos judaizantes e os números dos seus respectivos dossiês foram extraídos do Livro: “Os Judeus no Brasil Colonial” de Arnold Wiznitzer – página 35 – Pioneira Editora da Universidade de São Paulo: Alcoforada, Ana 11618 Antunes, Heitor 4309 Antunes, Beatriz 1276 Costa, Ana da 11116 Dias, Manoel Espinosa 3508 Duarte, Paula 3299 Gonçalves, Diogo Laso 1273 Favella, Catarina 2304 Fernandes, Beatriz 4580 Lopes, Diogo 4503 Franco, Lopes Matheus 3504 Lopes, Guiomar 1273 Maia, Salvador da 3216 Mendes, Henrique 4305 Miranda, Antônio de 5002 Nunes, João 12464 Rois, Ana 12142 Souza, João Pereira de 16902 Teixeira, Bento 5206 Teixeira, Diogo 5724 Souza, Beatriz de 4273 Souza, João Pereira de 16902 Souza, Jorge de 2552 Ulhoa, André Lopes 5391 Continuando nossa pesquisa, podemos citar outras dezenas e dezenas de nomes e sobrenomes, devidamente documentados, cujas pessoas foram também processadas a partir da data em que a Inquisição foi instalada aqui no Brasil. È importante ressaltar que nesses processos os sobrenomes abaixo receberam a qualificação de “judeus convictos” ou “judeus relapsos” em alguns casos. Por questão de espaço citaremos apenas nesta primeira parte os sobrenomes, dispensando os pré-nomes: Abreu Álvares Azeredo Ayres Affonseca Azevedo Affonso Aguiar Almeida Amaral Andrade Antunes Araújo Ávila Azeda Barboza Barros Bastos Borges Bulhão Bicudo Cardozo Campos Cazado Chaves Costa Carvalho Castanheda Castro Coelho Cordeiro Carneiro Carnide Castanho Corrêa Cunha Diniz Duarte Delgado Dias Esteves Évora Febos Fernandes Flores Franco Ferreira Figueira Fonseca Freire Froes Furtado Freitas Galvão Garcia Gonçalves Guedes Gomes Gusmão Henriques Izidro Jorge Laguna Lassa Leão Lemos Lopes Lucena Luzaete Liz Lourenço Macedo Machado Maldonado Mascarenhas Martins Medina Mendes Mendonça Mesquita Miranda Martins Moniz Monteiro Moraes Morão Moreno Motta Munhoz Moura Nagera Navarro Nogueira Neves Nunes Oliveira Oróbio Oliva Paes Paiva Paredes Paz Pereira Perez Pestana Pina Pinheiro Pinto Pires Porto Quaresma Quental Ramos Rebello Rego Reis Ribeiro Rios Rodrigues Rosa Sá Sequeira Serqueira Serra Sylva Silveira Simões Siqueira Soares Souza Tavares Telles Torrones Tovar Trigueiros Trindade Valle Valença Vargas Vasques Vaz Veiga Vellez Vergueiro Vieira Villela (A lista dos sobrenomes citados acima não exclui a possibilidade da existência de outros sobrenomes portugueses de origem judaica. – Fonte: Extraído do livro: “Raízes judaicas no Brasil” – Flávio Mendes de Carvalho – Ed. Nova Arcádia  1992). Todos esses judeus brasileiros, cujos sobrenomes estão citados acima, foram julgados e condenados pela Inquisição de Lisboa, sendo que alguns foram deportados para Portugal e queimados, como por exemplo o judeu Antônio Felix de Miranda, que foi o primeiro judeu a ser deportado do Brasil Colônia. Outros foram condenados a cárcere e hábito perpétuo. Quando os judeus aqui chegavam, desembarcavam na maioria das vezes na Bahia, por ser naquela época o principal porto. Acompanhando a história dessas famílias, nota-se que grande parte delas se dirigia em direção ao sul, muitas vezes fixando residência nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Outros subiam em direção ao norte do país, destacando a preferência pelos Estados de Pernambuco e Pará. Esses estados foram bastante influenciados por uma série de costumes judaicos, que numa outra oportunidade gostaríamos de abordar. É importante ressaltar que não podemos afirmar que todo brasileiro, cujo sobrenome constante desta lista acima seja necessariamente descendente direto de judeus portugueses. Para saber-se ao certo necessitaria uma pesquisa mais ampla, estudando a árvore genealógica das famílias, o que pode ser feito com base nos registros disponíveis nos cartórios. Mas, com certeza, o Brasil tem no seu sangue e nas suas raízes os traços marcantes deste povo muito mais do que se imagina, quer na sua espiritualidade, religiosidade ou mesmo em muitos costumes. Constatamos que o Brasil já se destaca dentre outras nações como uma nação que cresce rapidamente na direção de uma grande potência mundial. A influência histórica judaica-sefardita é inegável. Os traços físicos de nosso povo, os costumes, hábitos e algumas tradições são marcas indubitáveis desta herança. Mas, há uma outra grande herança de nosso povo, a fé. O brasileiro na sua maioria pode ser caracterizado como um povo de fé, principalmente, quando esta fé está fundamentada no conhecimento do Deus de Abraão, Isaque e Jacó, ou seja, no único e soberano Deus de Israel.  Isto sim, tem sido o maior, o melhor e o mais nobre legado do povo judeu ao povo brasileiro e à humanidade. _____________ ©Copyright - Todos os direitos reservados a AMES/ABRADJIN

Guidebook for Sephardic and Oriental Genealogical Sources in Israel

Aaron • Abadi • Abbo • Abbou • Abbu • Abdel • Abdelaziz • Abd-rahim • Abeasis • Abeasis-Hassan • Abecassis • Abenatar • Abendana • Abendana Osorio • Abeniacar • Abeniacar da Costa • Abensour • Abergel • Abhar • Abigdor • Abihsera • Abikhzer • Abinun • Abir • Abisdid • Abitan • Abitbol • Abitboul • Abo • Abolafia • Aboucara • Aboud • Aboulker • Abouskila • Abrabanel • Abraham • Abrahami • Abrame • Abrashi • Abravanel • Abreu (da) • Abu • Abud • Abudaram • Abudarra • Abudiente • Abuhanna • Abulafia • Abzaradel • Acatan • Acha (d') • Acher • Ada • Adadi • Adanja • Adarabi • Adda • Addi • Adejes • Adejes-Asher • Adejes-Bahar • Adejes-Josef • Adejes-Levi • Adejes-Ruben • Ades • Adiges • Adjamaya • Adjami • Adjani • Adjiman • Adut • Aelion • Afar • Afgin • Aflalo • Afnaim • Afnaim-Dana • Afnaim-Galapo • Afnaim-Ciprut • Afriat • Aftalion • Agadjan • Agami • Aghion • Agib • Agozon • Aharon • Aili • Aires • Ajbro • Akadjeni • Akadjin • Akahi • Akibby • Akiva • Aknin • Akrish • Al Valensi • Alabitsh • Alacid • Aladjem • Aladjem-Medina • Aladzem • Alajem • Alalouf • Alaluf • Alamari-Barnai • Alantri • Alatre • Alatri (da) • Alazraki • Alba • Albagli • Albahar • Albahari • Albala • Albala-Benrubi • Albalak • Albali • Albo • Alboukerk • Alboukerk-Ben Bouyacai • Albu • Alcalai • Alcalay • Alconstantini • Alcostantini • Aldahabani • Aldaibi. • Alderroqui • Aldjuzi • Alegro • Aleman • Alemani • Aleshbiya • Alfandari • Alfassa • Alfassi • Alfia • Alfiah • Alfie • Alfonso • Algaba • Algamal • Algranati • Alhadef • Alhadeff • Alhadet • Alhamadi • Alhamani • Alianak • Aliphmann • Alisera d' • Alkalaj • Alkalay • Alkana • Alkapari • Alkar • Alkobi • Allal • Allalouf • Allatini • Allazam • Allegro • Allegro-Blok • Allouche • Almansi • Almeida (d') • Almiya • Almosnino • Almoznino • Almuli • Almuzin • Alnaddaf • Alsabari. • Alsafarna • Alschech • Alshekh • Altarac • Altarac-Altarac • Altarac-Montilio • Altarac-Papo • Altaras • Altaratz • Altina • Altschek • Alvarenga (de) • Alvares • Alvares Bueno • Alvares Correa • Alvares Machado • Alvares Vega • Alvarez • Alvarez Pacheco • Amado • Amar • Amara • Amaral de Tentuguel (d') • Amarilio • Amariyo • Amati • Amato • Amban • Amblu • Ambron • Amerillo • Amiel • Amira • Ammar • Amon • Amor • Amorim de Faria (d') • Amorim de Sousa (d') • Amoyal • Amozeg • Amozig • Amram • Amrani • Amron • Amrrique (d') • Amsellem • Amudaj • Amurdoj • Amzalag • Amzalak • Amzallak • Amzeleg • Anaf • Anahoray • Anasai Frances • Anav • Anbar • Anbash • Ancel • Ancona • Ancona (d') • Ancona d' • Andrade (de) • Angel • Angiolara • Anismod • Ankaoua • Ankri • Annaf • Annes • Anriques • Anriquez • Antaki • Antavy • Antebi • Anticoli (d') • Antonia • Antonio • Anzaruth • Ara • Ara HaCohen • Arabbi • Aragon • Arakie • Arama • Arav HaCohen • Arazi • Arbib • Arbibi (?) • Arbiv • Ardit • Arditi • Arditti • Ardut Hacohen • Arguesti • Argueti • Ariani • Arias • Arieh • Arki • Arochas • Aroeti • Arosti • Aroyli • Arruas • Arruguete • Artas • Artom • Aruah • Aruesti • Aruets • Arugas • Aruj • Arukh • Arussi • Arzuli • Asael • Ascarelli • Ascolai • Ascoli • Asher • Asher-Adejes • Asher-Bahar • Asher-Confortes • Asher-David-Adejes • Ashkenazi • Ashkenazi Oplatka • Ashorr • Ashour • Ashri • Ashur Rivka • Askar • Askenazi • Aslan • Asli • Asmaral (do) • Assa • Assa (de) • Assaban • Assael • Assaraf • Assayag • Asseo • Asseraf • Assis • Assor • Assouline • Assous • Atawil • Athias • Atias • Atije • Attal • Attar • Attia • Attias • Atton • Avdija • Aven Nuno • Avezado (d') • Avidor • Avigdor • Avram • Avram-Samuel • Avram-Sotto • Avu • Avzaradel • Ayash • Ayush • Azagouri • Azambuia (de) • Azanrout • Azar • Azari • Azemou • Azenrout • Azerad • Azikri • Aziria • Aziz • Azizo • Azolai • Azouaoui • Azoulai • Azrail • Azran • Azriel • Azuelos (Azwailos) • Azulai • Azzarelli •Baba • Babai • Babany • Bachi • Bachmann • Badanni • Badash • Bagdadi • Bahar • Bahar Adejes • Bahar Asher • Bahar Bahar • Bahar Barukhowitz • Bahar Danon • Bahar Rahamim • BaharRuben • Bahbouth • Bahloul • Baiona • Bakal • Bakhshi • Balanga • Balili • Balsano • Bana • Banha • Banon • Banoun • Bar Natan • Bar Sheshet • Baranes • Barar • Bararon • Bararon Danon • Bararon Mandil • Barazani • Barbosa • Barbuj • Barchilon • Barcilon • Barda • Baretto • Barki • Barmali • Barnal • Barocas • Baroh • Baron • Baroukh • Barretoneiro • Barsheshet • BarSsheshet • Baruch • Baruch Carvalho • Baruch de la Pardo • Baruch de la Querido • Baruch Pardo • Barukh • Barukh-Finzi • Barukh-Ruben • Barukh-Salom • Barukh-Simon • Barzilai • Barzilay • Barzilay-Uziel • Basatz • Bashi • Bashir • Basilea • Baso • Basrawi • Bassan • Bassani • Bassaniano • Bassano • Bassevi • Bassi • Bassola • Bassriya • Batat • Batino • Batish • Battan • Battias • Bautista • Bayonne • Bazog • Bebi • Becassis • Bedarida • Beer • Bega • Behar • Behar Behar • Behar Castro • Behar Kuezi • Behar-Naphtalie • Behmoarar • Beja • Bejerano • Belforte • Belhassen • Belilty • Belinfante • Bella • Bellahem • Bellaiche • Bellaish • Belmonte • Belolo • Bemporad • Bemtaus • Ben Abbou • Ben Abbu • Ben Aderet • Ben Amor • Ben Amsellem • Ben Asher • Ben Attar • Ben Bonan • Ben Bounan • Ben Choukroun • Ben Daba • Ben Dana • Ben Dayan • Ben Ezra • Ben Gabai • Ben Ghiat • Ben Guigui • Ben Habib • Ben Haim • Ben Hammo • Ben Hamou • Ben Haroche • Ben Haros • Ben Hayon • Ben Isso • Ben Ittah • Ben Lolo • Ben Maman • Ben Mayer • Ben Nahmias • Ben Naim • Ben Nun • Ben Oudiz • Ben Passat • Ben Porat • Ben Saada • Ben Saadia • Ben Saadon • Ben Shabat • Ben Shalom • Ben Shalush • Ben Shaul • Ben Shaya • Ben Shetrit • Ben Shimon • Ben Shlomo • Ben Shusha • Ben Simhon • Ben Soussan • Ben Teboul • Ben Waish • Ben Yaakov • Ben Yakar • Ben Yehezkel • Ben Yeshaya • Ben Yihye • Ben Zaken • Ben Zazon • Ben Zenou • Ben zicri • Ben Zrihen • Benadon • Benador • Benarroya • Benayem • Benazuz • Benbassat • Benchimol • Bencion • Bendaud • Bendavid • Bendion • Bendjean • Benedetti • Benedetti (de) • Benelus • Benesti • Benevet • Bengio • Benguiat • Benhouya • Benia • Benichou • Benin • Benittah • Benjamin • Benjamin-Gliam • Benjamin-Habib • Benjamin-Labi • Benjouya • Benjoya • Benkiki • Benolo • Benosiglio • Benrubi • Benrubi-Crespi • Bensadon • Bensausson • Benselem • Bensenory • Benshalom • Benshimon • Bensoussan • Bentacon • Bentata • Bentayan • Bentob • Benun • Benveniste • Benvenisti • Benwalid • Benyair • Benyamin • Benzaken • Benzimra • Beraha • Beraha-Ruben • Beraha-Russo • Beraha-Torres • Berda • Berdugo • Beressi • Bergudan • Bernardes • Bernstein • Berukhiel • Bessis • Besso • Bestos (de) • Betesh • Betito • Bettit • Betzalel • Bianchi (da) • Bianchi (de) • Bianchi Shulam • Bianchini • Bibas • Bidjadjo • Biggo • Bijaoui • Bijou • Biker • Bililius • Bises • Bismuth • Bitan • Biton • Bitran • Bivaz • Bivaz-Bahar • Biyazi • Bjarlia • Blanes • Blank Ashkenazi • Bocara • Bohbot • Bohbouth • Bokoaizes • Bollafi • Bonan • Bonaventura • Bondi • Bonomo • Bonsenior • Borgel • Borgues • Botbol • Botelho • Boton • Boton (de) • Botton • Botton (de) • Boukris • Boumendil • Boumendil Benzimra • Bourla • Bouskila • Bouton • Bouzaglo • Bresca • Briga • Brito Caldeira • Brito Loba (de) • Britto (de) Guttieres • Brudo • Brusali • Buaron • Buaron-Buaron • Buaron-Dadusc • Buaron-Mazuz • Buaron-Tescuiba • Buccay • Budok • Buenavida • Bueno • Bueno Mesquita • Buhnik • Bukai • Bukhris • Bukic • Bukic-Begar • Bulafi HaLevi • Buli • Buna • Burbea • Burbea Arbib • Burbea Ghermis • Burbea Haggiao • Burbea Hassan • Burbea Nauri • Burbea Serror • Burbea Serussi • Burbea Taieb • Burbea Yona • Burbea Zigdon • Burbih Ghermis • Burla • Bussidan • Butz • Buzaglo •Cababia • Cabasso • Cabelli • Cabessa • Caceres • Cacon • Cagi • Caivani • Caivano • Calabrese • Caldeira • Calderon • Calo • Calomite • Calora • Cameo • Camerini (de) • Camerino (de) • Camis • Cammeo • Camondo • Campaniani • Campias • Canas • Canho (del) • Canho (del)-de Wind • Cantarini (Min Hazanim) • Cantarini(min hazanim) • Canton • Cantoni • Capadoce • Capelluto • Capita • Capon • Capua (de) • Capuano • Capuya • Caraco • Carasso • Carasso de Sasson • Carasso Levi • Carcason • Carcassona • Cardosa • Cardoso • Cardoxo • Cardoxo Fransman • Cardoxo Witzenhiusen • Cardozo • Caridi • Carmi • Carmona • Carneiro • Carneiro d'Almada • Caro • Caro-Celebi • Carpaneti • Carpi • Carriao (de) • Carrias • Carsenti • Carsienti • Carvalho • Carvalho Claves • Cascas • Cassabe • Cassin • Cassuto • Castel • Castelfranchi • Castello • Castelnuovo • Castiel • Castro • Castro (de) • Castro-Daniel • Castro-Mosche • Catan • Catorza • Catran • Cattawi • Cavalieri • Cavaliero • Cave (de) • Cave bondi • Cazes • Cerca (de) • Cevi • Cezana • Chajim • Chami • Chamla • Chammah • Chemol • Cherezli • Chichou • Chimchilachvili • Choukroun • Chouraki • Chueke • Ciaves • Cicurel • Cingoli • Ciprut • Citone • Cividalli • Civita • Cobral • Coelha • Coelho • Coen • Cohen • Cohen Adjami • Cohen Aharonov • Cohen Arasi • Cohen Arazi • Cohen Ashkenazi • Cohen-Bembassa • Cohen ElHaddad • Cohen Ganouna • Cohen Haddad • Cohen Jerusalmi • Cohen Khallas • Cohen Mizrahi • Cohen Pirano • Cohen Rodrigues • Cohen Rodrigues-Sealtiel • Cohen Salama • Cohen Scali • Cohen Scali (Sakilly) • Cohen Tanudji • Cohen Trab • Cohen Vitale • CohenTawil • Colace L'aine • Colaco de Oliviera • Colhaco • Colodro • Colonia • Colonimos • Colorni • Conceicoa (de) • Conceira • Confino • Conqui • Consilio • Consolo • Consseira • Constantin • Continho • Contini • Coratzi • Corcos • Cordoba • Cori • Cori (de) • Coriat • Corinaldi • Correa • Cortisos • Coscas • Costa • Costa (da) Athias • Costra (da) • Covo • Crasto • Crema • Cresma • Crispin • Crus (de) • Cruz (da) • Cuan • Cuba • Cugnio • Cugnio-Asseo • Cugno • Cunio • Cupio • Curiel •Dabbah • Dabbah Sethon • Dabbane • Dabush • Dadon • Dadush • Dahab • Dahan • Dal vecchio • Damari • Dana • Dana-Botton • Danan • Danguri • Daniel • Daniel-Strumsa • Danino • Danon • Danon-Jiditsh • Darai • Dare • Dar'e • Darmon • Darsa • Darwish • Daskalaki • Dassa • Daudi • David • David-Calderon • David Uyosef • Davida • Davidas • Davidov • Davidson • Dayan • De la Reina • De la Roca • De Los Rios • Debasc • Debasc-Debasc • Debasc-Mazuz • Delbourgo • Della Pergola • Della Ripa • Della Seta • Delmonte • Delubin • Deno • Deri • Diai • Dias • Dias de Fonseca • Dias Ferera • Dias Leao • Dias Neta • Dias Passarinho • Dias Robello • Dias Sanchez • Dias Vaz • Diena • Dihi • Dihi-Fargion • Dina • Disegni • D'italia • Diwan • Djabra • Djadjati • Djaen • Djahon • Djamal • Djamshid • Djani • Djemal • Djerassi • Djerbi • Djian • Djinati (?) • Doenias • Doenias-Levi • Domingos Batista • Domingues • Donati • Dora • Douek • Duek • Duek (Aduek) • Duek HaCohen • Duerte • Duo • Durante • Dwek •Ederi • Edery • Efergan • Efrati • Eko • Ekstein • El Addi • El Ahbarey • El Bakhar • El Dahudy • El Harar • El Mahdawey • El Maleh • Elazar • Elbaz • Elbo • Eldad • Eldaudi • Elenkawa • Elfassi • Elhaddad • Elhakham • Elhiani • Eli • Elia • Eliahu • Eliakim • Elias • Eliasa • Eliashar • Elie • Eliezer • Eliezrov • Elijas • Elisha • Elkanui • Elkayam • Elkobi • Elkore • Elkrief • Elmaleh • Elmasili • Elnekave • Elsha'ar • Emmanuel • Enriques • Enriques de Suza • Enriques Miranda • Enriques Modon • Ergas • Erolia • Errera • Errera-Saltiel • Escapa • Escojido • Eskenasy • Eskenasy-Capuano • Eskenazi • Eskenazi-Mordohai • Eskinazi • Eskinjazi • Espansi • Espinosa (d') • Espinosa Henriques • Esquenazi • Estaves • Estrumsa • Etedgui • Evlagon • Ezer • Ezovi • Ezra •Fahima • Fallah • Fanan • Fano • Fano (da) • Faradj • Faraggi • Faragi • Fargeon • Farhi • Faria (de) • Farin • Farinha • Farjon • Farki • Fasi • Fassano • Fatuci • Fedida • Fellah • Fellous • Ferani • Ferma • Fernandes • Fernandes Dias • Fernandez • Fernandez Dias • Fernandez de Campos • Ferras • Ferreira • Ferrera • Ferrera Leon • Fes • Fes (da) • Fiani • Figuredo (de) • Finci • Finzi • Finzi-Levi • Finzi Magrini • Fiorentino • Fisher • Fitoussi • Fitussi • Fles • Florentin • Flores (de) • Foa • Foligno (da) • Fonseca (da) • Fonseca (de) • Fontanella • Forli • Formiggini • Forti • Frances • Franchetti • Francisco • Franco • Franco Drago • Franco Mendes • Franses • Frasaretti • Fredj • Freitas (de) • Freoa • Fresci • Fresco • Fua • Fuerte • Funaro • Funes • Furtado (de) • Fuzailoff •Gabai • Gabay • Gabay Henriques • Gabizon • Gaboj • Gabriel • Gagin • Gai • Gaim • Galai • Galante • Galico • Galimidi • Galipoliti • Gallego • Gallichi • Gallico • Gama (da) • Gamal • Gana • Ganem • Gani • Ganon • Ganoon • Ganouna • Gaon • Garcia • Garti • Garziani • Gatenio • Gateno • Gattegno • Gayero • Gedala • Gedalia • Gegic • Genazano • Genazzani • Gentile • Gentilomo • Gerbi • Gerbi-Fellah • German • Germon • Geron • Gerondi • Gez • Ghaloula • Ghiat • Ghido • Ghido-Bahar • Ghido-Barukh • Ghirondi • Ghirondi Sarfati • Ghlam • Gida • Gigi • Gigi (El) • Gindi • Ginsberg • Gleicher • Goan • Godinhos • Goerdji • Goeta • Gohar • Gomel • Gomes • Gomes de Britto • Gomes de Mesquita • Gomes de Mesquita-Prins • Gomez • Goncales • Gonvea (de) • Gosyl • Gozlan • Gradji • Gramax • Granada • Grasseti • Grassini • Grego • Guastalla • Gubbay • Guedes • Guedj • Gueta • Guetta • Guez • Guidi • Guoncalves • Guttieres Penia •Habat • Haber • Habib • Habib-Haski • Habilho Benveniste • Habsush • Habub Djada • Habuba • Habubu • Hadaya • Haddad • Haddad Alafia • Hadida • Hadjadj • Haguel • Haik • Haim • Haim-Adighesi • Hajon • Hakham • Hakhamishvili • Hakim • Halak • Halali • Halfon • Halili cohen • Halilo • Haliwa • Halwani • Hamama • Hamami • Hamawi • Hameiri-Mizrahi • Hamiz • Hammo • Hamou • Hamus • Hanan • Hananel • Handler • Hanoca • Hanokh • Hanuka • Hanukayof • Hanun • Hanunu • Haouazi • Hara • Haradj • Harari • Harari Raful • Harati • Hari • Haroche • Haroche. • Hashli • Hashmonai • Hassan • Hassan (Ben) • Hassaraf • Hassid • Hassidi • Hassin • Hasson • Hasson-Arditti • Hasson-Karasso • Hassoun • Hassuni • Hatab • Hatukha • Hauiga • Havi • Havilio • Hayat • Hayon • Hayoun • Hayun • Hazak • Hazan • Hazan Cohen • Haziza • Hazout • Hazuza • Hefez • Heffesse • Henriques • Henriques Alvares • Henriques Barnal • Henriques Castro • Henriques Correa • Henriques Hoeb Mendes • Henriques Medina • Henriques Morao • Henriquez • Herrera • Hezkiahu • Hidas • Hilel • Hodara • Hoeb • Homem • Houri • Houta • Huerin • Huli • Hunan • Hunio • Hussin •Ibn Danan • Ibn Habib • Ibn Haim • Ibn Simhon • Idanha • Ifergan • Iflah • Ifrah • Ilijev • Illouz • Illuz • Iluz • Ingin • Ini • Iraki • Isaac de Mattos • Isak • Israel • Israel-Bahar • Israel-Mandil • Isso • Itah • Izo • Izraelij • Izri •Jabes • Jabi • Jacome das Neves • Jakov • Jamal • Jana • Jano • Jaoa • Javes • Jayani • Jenah • Jerbi • Jerusalmi • Jerusalmi-Albalah • Jesserun • Jessua • Jessurun • Jessurun Pinto • Jessurun Pinto-Cauveren • Jesurun • Jesurun de Oliveira • Jesurun henriques • Jizana • Jochai • Jochai-Varon • Joel-Sarfatti • Jong (de) • Jorge • Josef • Josef-Bahar • Josef-Barukh • Josef-Juda • Josifovic • Jositov • Jozefa • Juaya • Junes • Junio •Kabaia • Kabiljo-Levi • Kabuli • Kadi • Kadosh • Kaduri • Kahlon • Kaino (El) • Kaira • Kairuani • Kairy • Kakon • Kakub • Kalderon • Kalderon-Adiges • Kalderon-Konforte • Kalderon-lazar • Kalef • Kalekar • Kalfan • Kalfon • Kalifa • Kalmi • Kalo • Kalona • Kalzi • Kamhi • Kamhi-Barukh • Kamhi-Vinzi • Kamkar • Karasso • Karaven • Karidi • Kario • Karmoussi • Karyo • Kashan • Kashi • Kasini • Kaski • Kassin • Kassis • Kastil • Katab • Katalan • Katan • Katoriv • Katz • Katzav • Kaufman • Kayaria • Kazan • Kazes • Keliman • Kerido • Keslassi • Kessis • Kessous • Keyzer • Khamus • Khayat • Khoadja • Kimhi • Kirmani • Kishak • Knafo • Kobi • Koen • Koen Bahar • Koen Cantarini • Koen David • Koen Kalderon • Koen Koen • Koen Konforte • Koen Machioro • Koen Ruben • Koen Rubin • Koen Soto • Koena • Kohen • Kohen Adjiman • Kohen Avigdor • Kohen Menasse • Kohen Sousa • Kolin • Komin • Konfarti • Konfin • Konfino • Konfort • Konfortes • Konfortes-Israel • Konfortes-Lazar • Konforti • Konforti-Montilja • Korkidhi • Korkidi • Kostin • Kozas • Kramer • Krief • Krissa • Kuni • Kurdi • Kuweti •Lab-Levie • Lab-Reginiano • Labat • Labi • Labi Bedusa • Labi Bendaud • Labi Bublil • Labi Buhabza • Labi Frati • Labi Geon • Labi Giuli • Labi Guetta • Labi Labi • Labi Lalum • Labi Legziel • Labi Mazuz • Labi Ruben • Labi Scioa • Labi Tamam • Labi Tammam • Ladany • Laghziel • Lagtivi • Lahmi • Lalouche • Lamego • Lamhadi • Lancry • Laniado • Lanternario • Laredo • Laricia (de) • Larossi (de) • Laskar • Lasri • Lattes • Lazar • Lazar Keyzer • Lazar-Soto • Leao • Leas (de) • Lebaton • Lebous • Lehman-Hayat • Leitoa • Lemos (de) • Lenghi • Leom (de) • Leon • Leon (de) • Leon de • Leon Sevy • Leone • Leonzini • Lev • Levi • Levi Adejes • Levi Adroki • Levi Alkalai • Levi Ben Shushan • Levi Bensoussan • Levi de Luza • Levi Hasdai • Levi Ibn Yuli • Levi Josef • Levi Kamhi • Levi Katan • Levi Lalouche • Levi Minzi • Levi Papo • Levi Sheton • Levin • Levy • Levy-Sevy • Liao • Licha • Lici • Lilan • Lilty • Lima Pinheiro (de) • Lisboa (de) • Lisbona • Loba • Lobaton • Lonzana-formiggini • Lopes • Lopes Cardozo • Lopes Cardozo Fransman • Lopes Cardozo Kamerling • Lopes Cardozo Rijnveld • Lopes de Leao • Lopes de Leon • Lopes Freira • Lopes Miranda • Lopes Salzedo • Lopes Soares • Lopes Souza • Lopez • Lopez Dias • Lopez Navarro • Lopez Penha • Lopez Salzedo • Loria • Lossi • Louis de Gagnac • Lourenco • Louzon • Lovental • Luca • Lugassi • Luigi • Luis • Luizzi • Lulu • Lumbrozo de Mattos • Luria • Luz (de) • Luza • Luzon • Luzzatto •Maarek • Mabruka • Macelija • Macha • Machada • Machado • Machorro Orobio • Maclija • Madeiro (de) • Maestro • Magdalena • Magides • Magidsh • Mahfoda • Mahrez • Maimon • Mainster • Maissi • Majo • Makhluf • Makutsi • Malka • Malka (Ibn) • Malkan • Malki • Mallah • Mallah-Canhy • Malqui • Maman • Maman geroni • Mamieh • Mamija • Mamo • Man (della) • Mandil • Mandil+B836 Mosche • Mandil-Halazem • Mandil-Montilja • Mandjad • Mandolfo • Mani • Manjed • Mano • Manobla • Manoel • Manola • Mansano • Mansi • Mansour • Mansur HaCohen • Mantal • Manten • Manuel • Manuel Abaz • Manuels • Manzeli • Marabi • Maragi • Marciano • Marcos • Marcus • Mareli • Marin • Marini • Martines • Martinez Valejo • Martinho • Martins • Marwati • Marzel • Marzente • Marzuk • Mashaali • Mashadi • Mashiah • Masliah • Massarani • Matalon • Matarasso • Matatia • Matos (de) • Mattat • Mattos (de) • Mawas • Mayissi • Mayo • Mayo de • Mayor • Mazahad • Mazal • Mazliah • Mazmer • Mazuz • Mecapua • Medina • Medina Chamis • Medini • Medoro • Mefano • Megnaji • Meili HaCohen • Meili Tawil HaCohen • Meir • Mekelam • Melam • Melamed • Melamet • Melli • Mello de Jong • Melloul • Memi • Menahem • Menasce • Menasche • Menashe • Menasse • Menasse-Errera • Menda • Mendaca (de) • Mendes • Mendes Belisario • Mendes Costa • Mendes da Costa • Mendes da Costa-Vet • Mendes de Leon. • Mendes Lindo • Mendes Monteiro • Mendes Monteiro-Monteiro • Mendes Pinha • Mendez • Mendez Sotto • Mercado • Merdar • Mergui • Merjan • Meshali • Meshulam • Mesias • Mesquita (de) • Messa • Messas • Messiah • Messiah-Sabban • Messias • Messica • Messika • Mesulam • Metoudi • Mevorah • Mevorakh • Meyuhas • Meza (de) Flores • Mezan • Mgides • Miara • Michael • Mieli • Mikulas • Milano • Milika • Milona • Mimran • Mimun • Minerbi • Minervi • Minian • Mintz • Miranda • Mires • Miriski • Mishali • Mishan • Mishan Tupel • Mishilof • Misrachi • Misulam • Mitrani • Miyara • Mizdraha • Mizdrahi • Mizrachi • Mizrahi • Mizrahi HaLevi • Mizrahi zargoni • Mizraji • Mizrakhi • Moatti • Moca • Mocatta • Moche • Modai • Modena • Modiano • Modiano-Mosche • Modiliani • Modiliano • Modona • Mokhtar • Molho • Mollo • Mollo-Nallu • Momiliano • Mondolfo • Monscrates • Monsonego • Montanjees • Montefiore • Montefiore (?) • Monteira • Montezinos • Montezinos-Pais • Montija • Montija-Bahar • Montija-Conforti • Montija-Musafia • Montilja • Montilja-Samakowlia • Montiljo • Moraes (de) • Morais (de) • Morali • Moravia • Mordahay • Mordahay-Anivi • Mordekhai • Mordo • Mordo (De) • Mordoh • Mordohaj • Moreira • Moreno • Morgio • Moron • Morpurg • Morpurgo • Mortara • Mory • Moryosef • Moscati • Moscato • Moscatto • Moseri • Moshe • Mosnino • Mouchly • Moura (da) • Mourad • Moyal • Moyal (Ben) • Mrejen • Mucciacione • Mula • Munes • Munion • Muntes • Murad • Mursia • Musa • Musachi • Musafija • Musaphia • Muskati • Muslaly • Mussato • Mutal •Naamad • Naamias • Naar • Nabarro • Nabarro-Rodrigues Perreira • Nacamuli • Nadjar • Naftali • Nagar • Nagari • Naggiar • Nagman • Nahash • Nahmad • Nahman • Nahmani • Nahmias • Nahmijas • Nahon • Nahorey (El) • Nahoum • Nahshon • Nahum • Nahwandi • Naim • Namias • Namias de Crasto • Nanaza • Nanua • Narbona (de) • Nasser • Nassi • Nataf • Natah • Nathan • Navaro • Navarro • Navon • Navon-Bahar • Navon-Levy • Nawi • Neftel-Bensussan • Nefussi • Negreiro (de) • Negrin • Nehama • Nehmad • Nemni • Nemni-Bedusa • Nemni-Halfon • Nemni-Hori • Nemni-Nahum • Nemni-Pintora • Neppi • Netanel • Neuman • Neyrin • Nezri • Nianiati • Nimni • Ninio • Nisan • Nisim • Nisimov • Nissan • Noah • Noe • Norsa • Norsa (de) • Nunes da Costa • Nuñes Franco • Nunes Henriques • Nunes Lombroso. • Nunes Tores • Nuñes Vais • Nunes Vas • Nuñes. • Nunez • Nuri •Obadia • Ohana • Ohanna • Ohayon • Ojalvo • Okhlufi • Oliel • Oliveira (de) • Olivetti • Olivier • Omessi • Orfali • Orogil • Orvietto • Osimo (da) • Osorio • Osorio Davidas • Ottolenghi • Ouzan • Ouziel • Ovadija • Ovazzo • Ozer • Ozmu •

Pace (del) (Meshalom) • Pacifici • Pacificio • Pacifico • Padoa • Padro • Padua • Pagotti • Paiva Cminha (de) • Pajakas • Pakar • Palacci • Palache • Palachi • Palaggi • Pallas • Palombo • Pangoli • Panigel • Panzieri • Papisimidi • Papo • Papo-Danon • Papo-Finzi • Papo-Papo • Papola • Papuchado • Pardes • Pardo • Paredes • Paredes (de) • Pariente • Parnas • Passoa • Passy • Paur • Pavoncello • Payer • Paz (de) • Pecenik • Pehas • Peixotto • Peliano (de) • Peña • Penha (de la) • Penia • Penso • Perahia • Perahia-Passy • Pereira • Pereira Brandon • Perera • Peres • Pereyra • Perez • Perez-Behar • Pesak • Pesaro • Pessah • Pesso • Petaya • Pez (de) • Pezarro • Piatelli • Piazza • Piciotto • Piciotto (de) • Piggiotto • Piha • Pijade • Pilosof • Pimente • Pimentel • Pina (da) • Pincherli • Pinedo (de) • Pinha • Pinhas • Pinhasof • Pinhasov • Piniero • Pinkas • Pinkas-Ruben • Pinta • Pinto • Pinto-Jessurun • Pipano • Piperano • Pires • Pirizi • Pisa • Pisaro (da) • Pitchon • Pitiliano (de) • Pizanti • Plasiano • Pois • Polikar • Politi • Pontecorvo • Pontremoli • Portaleone • Porto (de) • Prado (de) • Prato • Procacia • Profita • Provincialo • Puci • Pugliese • Pugvakar •Quaresma • Querido • Quiroz (de) •Rabbie-Cardozo • Rabello • Rabi • Raccah • Raful • Rahamim • Rahma • Rahum • Raic • Rakah • Rakas • Randik • Raspukar • Rasquette • Ratan • Ratzabi • Ravena • Raz • Razon • Razon-Afnaim • Rebella • Rebello • Recanati • Reggio • Reginiano • Reginiano-Arbib • Reginiano-Azra • Reginiano-Barda • Reginiano-Debasc • Reginiano-Fellach • Reginiano-Gean • Reginiano-Habib • Reginiano-Hassan • Reginiano-Labi • Reginiano-Messica • Reginiano-Tayar • Reginiano-Tesciuba • Reina • Reinoso • Rejwan • Resiniani • Reuben • Revah • Revere • Rezende (de) • Ribeiro • Ricardo • Ricardo-Israel • Rieti • Rieti melli • Riki • Rimini • Rimini-Pimentel • Rimokh • Riniani • Rishi • Roca • Roca Amora • Rocamora (de) • Rocas • Roco • Roco-Lisser • Roditi • Rodrigues • Rodrigues de Mercado • Rodrigues de Mercado Acohen • Rodrigues-Lopes • Rodriguez • Rodrik • Roff • Roffe • Roiz • Roiz (da) • Roiz Carvalho • Roiz xave • Rokah • Rokitzi • Rolo • Romanello • Romanin • Romano • Romano-Levi • Romi • Rosa • Rosa de • Rosanes • Roscena • Rosello • Rosental • Rosilio • Rossano • Rosselli • Rossi • Rossi (de) • Rossi (de)(min haadumim) • Rossilio • Rousseau • Rovigo • Rozolio • Ruben • Ruben-Adighesi • Ruben-Avram • Ruben-Bahar • Ruben-Barsamuel • Ruben-Navon • Ruben-Ruben • Ruben-Sotto • Rubenof • Rubiera • Rubin • Rubino • Ruso • Russo •Saad • Saada • Saadat • Saadi • Saadon • Sabaaz • Sababo • Saban • Sabatani • Sabato • Sabaz • Sabba • Sabbah • Sabban • Sabbath • Sabetay • Sacca • Sacerdotti • Sacramelo • Sadik • Sadikaro • Safar • Safdie • Saftshiya • Sagache • Sahuah • Saias • Saidof • Saidon • Sakal • Sakazi • Saki • Saladji HaCohen • Salah • Salama • Salas • Salem • Sali • Sallah • Sallomon • Sallomon-Bahar • Salmon • Salmona • Salmoni • Salom • Salom Delvalle • Salom Morenu • Salon • Salti • Saltiel • Saltiel-Gatenio • Saltiel-Tchenio • Saltoun • Salva (da) • Salvador • Salzedo • Samama • Samara • Samhon • Samin • Samkhian • Samuel • Samuel-Samuel • Samuelov • Sananes • Sanches • Sanchez • Sancri • Sanguinetti • Sankar • Santcroos • Santcroos-Abas • Santiage (de) • Santilhano • Sao Pedro (de) • Sapledja • Saporta • Saraf • Saragosti • Saraira • Sarda • Sardar • Sarfati • Sarfatty • Sarfatty-Hasson • Sarfatty-Jacoel • Sarfaty • Sarfaty-Bonn • Sari • Sarim • Sarphartie • Sarphartie-Troetel • Sarphartie-Waas • Sarphaty • Sarra • Saso • Sason • Sasporta • Sasportas • Sassi • Sasson • Sasson Adjami • Satam • Saudi • Saul • Sayag • Sayas • Scandiano • Scazzocchio • Scemla • Schaffer • Schuster HaCohen • Schwarz • Sciaky • Sebbag • Sednaoui • Sefadia • Segni (de) • Segre • Segura • Segura (de) • Selanikio • Selim • Semah • Semah Arias • Semah Monte • Semah Serano • Semama • Semano • Semo • Semol • Semuha • Senegalia • Senigalia • Senior • Senior Coronel • Senjoor • Sequeira • Sequeire (de) • Sereni • Sereno • Serero • Serfati • Serfati-Nachba • Seror • Serra • Serruya • Serussi • Servi • Serzi • Sessa (da) • Setbon • Sethon • Sethon Shomer • Seti • Setton • Setzriel • Sevilia • Sevilla • Sezana • Shaabali • Shababo • Shabatoshvili • Shabatt • Shabetai • Shabi • Shahud • Shaki • Shakis • Shalit • Shalo • Shalom • Shaltiel • Shama • Shama HaLevi • Shamah • Shamla • Shammaa • Shammah • Shamosh • Shamsha • Shamusha • Shangukar • Shaoul • Shaprut • Shaprut (Ibn) • Sharabi • Sharbit • Sharbitt • Shasho • Shatah • Shaul • Shaulof • Shaya • Shealtiel • Shemesh • Shemtov • Sheshet • Shetrit • Shihrur • Shilo • Shimol • Shimoni • Shiri • Shirizli • Shlomayof • Shlomo • Shlush • Shmuel • Shmueli • Shneour • Shoshana • Shoshani • Shriki • Shua • Shueka • Shukhat • Shukrun • Shulam • Shulman • Shumi • Shushan • Shushana • Shushi • Shweka • Siboni • Sid • Sidello • Sides • Sidi • Signeiredo (de) • Sigura (de) • Sikira • Siles • Silua • Silva (da) y Monfort • Silveira • Silvera • Siman tov • Simantov • Simha • Simhon • Simoes • Simoni • Simsolo • Sinai • Sinaj • Sion • Sion-Lapas • Sirussi • Sisso • Sistiere • Sit • Sitbon • Sitruk • Sittagen • Sittayoun • Sivi • Skayeb • Slatine • Slijas • Smadja • Smaja • Soares • Soave • Sodery • Soesan • Soesan-Vichschoomaker • Sofer • Sofi • Sola (de) • Soliano • Solomon • Solon • Soncino • Sonnino • Sonsolo • Soriano • Sornaga • Soto • Soto-Adijes • Soto-Benadon • Soto-Mandil • Soto-Sallomon • Soudri • Sousa (de) • Soussan • Souza (de) • Souza (de) Machado • Spagnoletto • Spanjaard • Spinoza Catila • Spizzichino • Stambouli • Stambuli • Stanbuli • Stein • Stora • Suasso de Pinto • Subi • Subidar • Sucin • Sued • Suhami • Suleima • Sultan • Sunir • Surijon • Susan • Susannah • Susarte • Sussan • Suzin • Swamri • Swed • Swissa • Sylva(de) •Tabah • Tabah Hilu • Tabboush • Tadjer • Tagarice • Tagliacozzo • Taieb • Taji • Tajtasak • Talbi • Talentina • Talentino • Talfi • Taliacozzo • Talin • Talvi • Tamam • Tanami • Tanuri • Taouil • Tapia • Tapiero • Taraboulous • Tarabulus • Taragan • Taranto • Tarica • Tartas • Taurel • Tavah • Tavares • Tawil • Tayar • Tazartes • Tchimino • Tchinio • Teboul • Tebul • Tedeschi • Tedesco • Tedghi • Teixeira deMmattos • Telias • Temset • Terjuman • Terni • Terracina • Terracino • Teshuba • Tesoro • Teubal • Texeira • Texeira Mesias • Tiano • Tibi • Tirada • Tisiera de Matos • Toaff • Tobi • Tobianah • Tobiano • Toecin • Toledano • Toledo • Tolentino • Tolidano • Tordjeman • Tordjman • Torgeman • Toriel • Torino • Torjman • Torres • Tortos • Toscano • Touati • Toubiana • Touboul • Touito • Trab • Trab HaCohen • Trani • Treves • Trevino • Trieste • Trracino • Tsuri • Tuagi • Tuby • Tussie • Twena • Tzabari • Tzadok • Tzakir • Tzalton • Tzanzuri • Tzar • Tzion • Tzubidar • Tzur •Uets • Umon • Urfali • Uziel • Uziel Cardozo • Uzielli • Uziel-Molho •Vag • Vais villa real • Valenca (de) • Valenca de • Valencia • Valensin • Valerio • Valero • Vallabraga • Varon • Vas • Vas Dias • Vas d'oliveira • Vaz • Vaz Dias • Vaz martins • Vega • Vega (de) • Veiga (de) • Veloso • Veneziani • Veneziano • Ventura • Ventura-Hassael • Veroli • Veroli (de) • Veroli (de) (de fas) • Veroli (di) • Viegas • Vieira Molina • Vigevano • Vigodja • Vital • Vitale • Vitas • Viterbi • Viterbo • Vitrebo • Vitta • Vivante • Voghera • Voltera • Vortuna •Wahba • Waish • Waknin • Wakrat • Walwatkar • Wanounou • Wargarkar • Wartels • Waturi • Wazana • Weinstein • Wiler • Wizegan • Wizeman • Wizman •Ximenes •Yaakov • Yabes • Yacohel • Yadan • Yadid • Yadid Halevi • Yaeli (de) • Yaffe • Yahia • Yair • Yaish • Yamani • Yamin • Yarach • Yarhi • Yatim • Yazdi • Yefet • Yehezkel • Yehia • Yehuda • Yehudayan • Yekutieli • Yeni • Yerushalmi • Yeshua • Yessula Pizitello • Yeud • Yissaskhar • Yisso • Yitzhak • Yitzhaki • Yman • Yoav • Yohai • Yohananof • Yona • Yosef • Yoshafat • Yoshai • Younes • Yuli •Zabul (Abu) • Zaccai • Zachs metz • Zafo • Zafran • Zafrani • Zagdon • Zagdoun • Zaid • Zakai • Zakon • Zalta • Zamaria • Zamato • Zamera • Zamorani • Zara (a) • Zarfati • Zarguni • Zarka • Zaui • Zawi • Zayat • Zazon • Zeid • Zeida • Zeitani • Zeitoun • Zeituni • Zenou • Zera • Zerual • Zevulun • Zibek • Zicri • Zigdon • Zinati • Zirugal • Zonada • Zonana • Zrihen • Zuili • Zvili

Sephardic Genealogy: Second Edition
Discovering Your Sephardic Ancestors and Their World
by Jeffrey S. Malka

The first edition, which won the “Best Judaica Reference Book” (2002) of Association of Jewish Libraries, has been completely updated and improved. Nearly 100 pages longer, this new edition revises all the chapters to include new information and updates all internet and mail addresses. It adds a new chapter on DNA as well as new chapters on the available resources for the Sephardic communities of Portugal, England, Rhodes, Hamburg-Altona, and Vienna, Austria. There is also a new chapter on how to research the Spanish archives with clues on deciphering old Spanish script. The section on the Internet is fully updated and now includes more than 300 links to sites that have information valuable to Sephardic research. The book even reveals how to access past websites that are no longer available on the web. With its comprehensive indexes—the surname index alone has 3037 names—bibliography, and data-packed appendixes, this is even more the essential book on Sephardic genealogy and should be part of any Jewish genealogy bookshelf.  7" x 10" 472 pp. hardcover $45.00 About the Author JeffreyS. Malka, M.D., is author of the award-winning website Resources for Sephardic Genealogy. Asked in 2001 by JewishGen, the Internet site for Jewish genealogy, to develop its SefardSIG section, he created both the SefardSIG and KahalLinks websites, which he continues to develop and enhance. Dr. Malka is author of several articles on Sephardic genealogy in Etsi, the journal of the Sephardi Genealogical and Historical Society, and is author of several chapters in the forthcoming Avotaynu Guide to Jewish Genealogy. Descended from a long line of Sephardic rabbis, Dr. Malka's grandfather was chief rabbi of Sudan from 1906 to 1949. In researching his own family roots, Dr. Malka has accumulated unique expertise in the resources available to Sephardic genealogists. In Sephardic Genealogy: Discovering Your Sephardic Ancestry and Their World, he guides the reader through the history of the Sephardim, describes the origins and meanings of common Sephardic family names, and lists genealogical resources available in the many countries that Sephardic Jews inhabited. A retired orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Malka, an Associate Professor of Orthopaedic surgery at Georgetown University, was chairman of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Virginia. Contents List of Illustrations xv List of Tables xvii Preface to the Second Edition xviii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Overview xxii PART I A LITTLE HISTORY 1 1. Who Are the Sephardim? 3 2. Brief History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal 9 Early Jewish Presence in Spain 9 Early History (to 711 C.E.) 12 The Moors (711–1492) 12 The Golden Age (10th–11th Centuries) 17 Christian Spain (12th–15th Centuries) 19 Conversos and Expulsion (12th–15th Centuries) 20 Spanish Inquisition (15th–19th Centuries) 21 Portugal's Expulsion 24 After the 1492 Expulsion 24 Suggested Reading 25 3. Spanish Diaspora 27 1492 Exodus 28 New Christians or Crypto-Jews? 29 4. Andalusian-Moroccan Jewish Universe 31 Jewish Presence in Morocco 32 Population Exchanges 34 Linguistic Groups 36 Berbers and Jews 37 Jews of Morocco 38 Foundation of the Golden Age of Spain 39 5. Jews Under Islamic Rule 41 Islamic View of the World 42 Jews and Moslems 43 6. Jews in The Netherlands 45 Background 45 Brief History 46 Aliases 50 7. Amazon Journey 51 Indiana Jones Meets Tangier Moshe 51 Migration Patterns 51 The Amazon 52 Family Names 53 Suggested Reading 54 8. Geonim 55 Babylonia 55 Geniza 56 Jewish Babylonia 56 The Exilarch 57 Babylonian Academies 58 The Gaon 59 9. Sephardic Languages 61 Hebrew 61 Arabic 64 Judeo-Spanish and Ladino 66 French 71 Berber and Judeo-Berber 72 10. Evolution of Sephardic Names 73 Biblical Era 73 Babylonian Era 76 Hellenic Era 77 Roman and Christian Eras 77 Spanish Names 78 Patronymics 80 Jewish Names 80 Individual Names 82 Common Sephardic Naming Conventions 82 Spelling and Acculturation 83 11. Sephardic surnames in Iberian Research 85 Sources for Medieval Sephardic Names 86 Research in Spanish Notarial Archives 86 There was no Spain! 87 Spelling, Alphabet and Language 89 Linguistic etymology of names 91 Patronymic variants 91 Translation variants 91 Suggested Reading 93 PART II GENEALOGY BASICS 95 12. How to Get Started 97 Begin With What You Know 97 Record Your Sources 98 Next Steps 99 How to Interview Effectively 101 Precautions 103 Logs 103 Learn Your History 104 Ethics 104 Suggested Reading 105 13. Sephardic Genealogy 106 Resources Common to Sephardim and Ashkenazim 106 Unique Sephardic Resources 108 14. DNA and Genealogy 111 The Basics 111 DNA Testing 114 Bottom Line 119 15. Organizing and Documenting Records 122 Suggested Filing System for Your Documents 122 Forms and Summary Sheets 123 Documenting Sources 123 Preserving History for Posterity 125 16. Computers and the Internet 127 E-mail 127 Newslists 128 Websites 129 Limitations of the Internet 130 Internet Security and Privacy 130 17. Genealogy Software 131 Genealogy Programs 132 Reviews of Software Programs 134 18. Calendars and Date Conversions 135 Calendars 135 Conversion Tools 137 19. Periodicals 139 Genealogy Periodicals 139 Academic Periodicals on Sephardim 140 General Sephardic Periodicals 141 PART III COUNTRY RESOURCES 143 20. Algeria 145 Archives 145 Naturalization Applications 147 Jewish Cemeteries 148 Place Names 148 Suggested Reading 150 21. Austria 152 Genealogical Resources 153 Civil Records 154 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) 154 Suggested Reading 154 22. Balkans 155 Bulgaria 155 Genealogical Resources 157 Oral History 158 Yugoslavia 158 Genealogical Resources 159 Oral History 161 Suggested Reading 161 23. Caribbean 166 Curaçao, St. Eustatia and St. Maarten 166 Jamaica 168 St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Nevis 168 Suggested Reading 170 24. Egypt 173 History 173 Jewish Records 177 Jewish Communities in Small Towns of Egypt 180 Library of Jewish Heritage in Egypt 180 Cemeteries 180 Egyptian Civil Records 181 Montefiore Censuses 181 Egyptian Diaspora 182 Sources Outside Egypt 182 Internet Resources 182 Suggested Reading 183 25. England 185 Jewish Records 186 Civil Records and Naturalizations 187 Wills 188 Census Records 188 LDS (Church of Latter Day Saints) 189 Suggested Reading 189 26. Germany: Hamburg/Altona 191 Elsewhere in Germany 192 Archival Resources 192 Suggested Reading 193 27. Iran (Persia) 195 Genealogical Resources 198 Suggested Reading 198 28. Iraq 200 History 200 Far-East Interlude 201 Genealogical Resources 201 Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center - Or Yehuda 202 Suggested Reading 202 29. Israel 204 Archives and Libraries 204 Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center - Or Yehuda 206 Ottoman Nufus Registers 207 Burial Societies (Hevrot Kadisha) 207 Immigrant and Ethnic associations 207 Agricultural Settlements 208 Other Resources 208 Suggested Reading 208 30. Italy 209 History 210 Research Strategies 212 Vital Records 213 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) 216 Douglas E. Goldman Jewish Genealogy Center 216 Censuses 216 Jewish Records 217 Notarial Records 217 Other Records 218 Italian Script 218 Websites 218 Suggested Reading 219 31. Morocco 229 Moroccan Diaspora 229 Archives 231 Other Foreign Connections 233 U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum 234 Vital Records 235 Jewish Community and Records 235 Ketubot 236 Cemeteries 236 Suggested Reading 236 32. The Netherlands 243 Records and Archives 243 Resources in The Netherlands 244 Civil Records 245 Jewish Records 245 Websites 250 Israel Resources 250 Suggested Reading 251 33. Portugal 253 Jewish Genealogy in Portugal 254 Portuguese Archives 256 Portuguese Inquisition 256 Civil Records 256 Church Records 257 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) 257 Suggested Reading 257 34. Rhodes 259 Archival Resources 259 Cemeteries 260 SephardicGen databases 260 Suggested Reading 260 35. Salonica 262 Synagogues 263 Genealogical Resources 264 Oral History 266 Suggested Reading 266 36. South America 268 Argentina 268 Brazil 269 Suggested Reading 271 37. Spain 272 Spanish Inquisition 272 Repositories with Inquisition Documents 275 Inquisition in the New World 277 Archivo General de Indias 279 Notarial and Church Archives 280 Catholic Church Records 281 Ministerio de Cultura Identification 281 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) Records 282 Suggested Reading 282 38. Sudan 285 Jewish Archives 286 Sudan Jewish Cemetery 287 Suggested reading 287 39. Syria 288 History 288 Genealogy Resources 289 Suggested Reading 289 40. Tunisia 291 Brief History 291 Grana Community of Tunis 292 Archives 293 Foreign Connections 293 Tunisia 293 Suggested Reading 294 41. Turkey and the Ottoman Empire 295 Modern Turkey 295 Ottoman Government 295 Sephardim in Turkey 296 Istanbul 298 Turkish Imperial Archives 299 Research Requirements 300 Turkish Script 300 Turkish Calendar 301 Genealogical Resources 301 Jewish Records 302 Cemeteries 303 Civil Records 304 Salname 304 Oral History 304 Suggested Reading 306  Genealogical Resources 308 Naturalization Records 309 Passenger Ship Records 310 Census Records 311 Jewish Records 311 Significant Dates: 312 Suggested Reading 313 PART IV INTERNET 315 Sephardic Websites 317 Sephardic Family Pages 319 Jewish Genealogy Websites - General 322 Jewish Genealogy Blogs 323 Anusim or Crypto-Jews 323 Balkans and Greece 323 Caribbean 325 Egypt 325 France 326 Hamburg, Germany 326 Iraq and Syria 327 Israel 327 Italy 328 Mexico 329 Morocco 329 The Netherlands 330 North Africa 331 Portugal 332 South America 333 Turkey 334 United States 334 Gazetteers 335 People Search Pages 335 APPENDIXES 337 Appendix A. Etymology of Selected Sephardic Names 339 Appendix B. Sephardic Cursive Alphabet 347 Appendix C. Arabic Alphabet 350 Appendix D. Sephardic Documents at the Central Archives for the History of tshe Jewish People 352 Appendix E. Sephardic Register and Record Books at the Jewish National and University Library 353 Appendix F. Genealogy Forms 354 Appendix G. Jewish Names in Printed Sources 359 Appendix H. Moslem Calendar 368 Appendix I. Ottoman Records in Israel 369 Appendix J. Inquisition Tribunals in Spain 376 Appendix K. Tombstone Inscriptions from Small Egyptian Towns 377 Appendix L. Surnames & Synagogue Affiliations in 16th-Century Salonica 381 Appendix M. Example: Malka in pre-Expulsion Northern Spain 389 Glossary 391 Bibliography 394 Surname Index 413 Index 434 Sobrenomes Luso-brasileirosby Walter Santos Baptista Investigação e Releitura dos Sobrenomes Luso-brasileiros Salvador 2000 - Capítulo 1 Releitura e Investigação  Tem sido crescente o interesse pelo resgate das raízes de nossa pátria, haja vista, entre tantas obras, as de fundo histórico como Raízes do Brasil, de Buarque de Holanda Na realidade, desde priscos dias que a presença cristã-nova, marrana ou criptojudaica se faz sentir nas terras de Pindorama. Estava ela nas naus dos protodescobridores, nas caravelas portugueses, na pessoa de náufragos e na dos cristãos-novos degredados juntamente com outros degredados políticos, tornando possível a presença dos cohanim, leviim e dos demais b'nei israel numa releitura de quem era enviado para as colônias portuguesas de antanho, dentre as quais o inexplorado e nem tão promissor futuro Brasil.  De fato, a ligação Iberia/B'nei Israel é de longa data. Desde os dias das navegações púnicas, Portugal havia sido visitado, e se tornado, mesmo, habitado por colonizadores fenícios entre os quais encontravam-se presentes representantes do povo da Aliança. ESPÍRITO SANTO explica a nomenclatura de inúmeras localidades lusitanas a partir de raízes púnico-hebréias como Paredes (de pardes, "parque real"), Tires (de tirish, "gente de Tiro"), Alfir (de Ofir), Abóbada (de avodat, "trabalho").  São releituras, pois é conhecimento geral que acima de 50 a 60 por cento da população brasileira tem origem cristã-nova.  Capítulo 2 Lendo e Relendo  (de A a C) Releituras não são trabalhos finais, mas deixam material para se pesquisar. É assim que é possível ver nos nomes de família de origem portuguesa uma presença hebréia nas suas raízes. Uma tentativa de relê-los leva-nos ao resultado seguinte:  Alcoforado - da raiz K-P-R = "resgatar, expiar, perdoar" ou, "asfalto, alcatrão", ou, ainda, "rústico, rural, fazendeiro". WIZNITZER cita Ana Alcoforado de Vasconcellos, cristã-nova por parte da mãe, Isabel Antunes;  Amado - LUNA cita o cognome Amatu (Juda, Mosse) em Navarra no ano de 1366. Os Amado estão extensivamente espalhados nos países de fala portuguesa, e encontram-se entre os festejados autores do Brasil. Habib (em hebraico ehuv) é sua forma árabe. Existe uma família com o sobrenome Querido com a mesma origem.  Amora - designativo de um mestre rabínico da Palestina e da Babilônia na época talmúdica (c. 200 a 500 E.C), "explicador da lei" (raiz M-R-H);  Amorim - forma plural de amora (mais apropriadamente seria amoraim). Pode vir igualmente de 'emorim = "porções de ofertas sacrificiais";  Andrade, Andrada - derivado do prenome de origem grega Andras(andros, homem). São inúmeros os cristãos-novos de sobrenome Andrade no Brasil colonial e nas listas da Inquisição. No Estado brasileiro da Bahia (primeira capital do Brasil Colônia, o sobrenome está ligado a outros de reconhecida origem cristã-nova, tais como Figueira, Gusmão, Oliveira, Mendes, etc.  Antunes - Apresenta a raiz N-T-N-S = "dado, doado, entregue, oferecido, presenteado (por Deus)". De acordo com o livro de Números 3.9 (Bemidbar 3.9), os levitas foram "dados aos cohanim" como seus auxiliares. O sobrenome Antunes guarda de forma críptica a leviticidade dos seus portadores. Em Esdras 2.43 os levitas são chamados de haNitinim, ou seja, "os entregues". LIPINER, no capítulo VII de seu Os Judaizantes nas Capitanias de Cima, sob o título "Os Antunes, Descendentes dos Macabeus", informa a chegada do primeiro dos Antunes às terras brasílicas. Foi ele Eytor Antunes, "Cavaleiro da Casa del-Rei Nosso Senhor", tendo aqui chegado aos 28 de dezembro de 1557 juntamente com Mem de Sá. Esclarecedor, no entanto, é lembrar que os Macabeus foram uma família de cohanim, da casa de Levi, portanto, o que faz crescer ainda mais a convicção de que os portadores desse cognome conservam o críptico acima mencionado. Existem variantes em outras línguas, tais como o castelhano Antunez, Nation(s) e Natan em inglês; Nusan e Nusen como variações judaicas; Antoons em holandês.  Azeredo - da raiz Z-R-D = "rebento, broto". SALVADOR menciona Francisco Pacheco de Azeredo. A origem pode estar igualmente em Azer  Azevedo - Para ESPÍRITO SANTO, a palavra vem de Azervedo, ou seja "gente de Azer", "gente de Sur".  Baracho - A raiz Barak, "bênção", está mais do que evidente. (cf. Borja).  Barros, Barroso, Barreto, Barretto - de Bar-Rosh = "filho do chefe, do principal." São citados por GONSALVES DE MELLO, SALVADOR e WIZNITZER. BENTES cita uma família Barros entre os fundadores da primeira comunidade israelita brasileira (sic) na região amazônica;  Benevides - de ben e eved, "filho" e "servo", resultando "filho do servo".  Benvindo - É registrada a presença de alguns Bemveniste pelos historiadores. Benvindo é a versão portuguesa do nome da expressiva família dos atuais Benveniste espalhadas pela Turquia, Rodes, Bulgária e Estados Unidos. BENTES não os cita.  Bezerra - É um desdobramento do hebraico bTzur, "rocha". Como tradução as famílias Rocha e Canto. Há Bezerras e Rochas consignados nos livros sobre o Brasil colonial.  Borja, Braga - De origem hebraica, pelo castelhano, berachah, berajah, borja, ou, ainda, berachah, bracha, brakha, significando "bênção" (cf. Baracho);  Brás - Segundo ESPÍRITO SANTO é forma corrompida do hebraico barsel, que significa "ferro";  Brasil - Provém igualmente de barsel;  Brito - da raiz B-R-T = "aliança, convênio, pacto, contrato". GONSALVES DE MELLO cita-os, assim como KAYSERLING;  Bueno - Cognome largamente encontrado, parece ser tradução feita com adaptações de Shem Tob ("bom nome") tendo sido transformada em nome de família. TIBON ensina vir de Tobias, palavra que guarda a raiz TOB, "bom" Há família Bueno de origem marroquina na Amazônia, assim como registros de cristãos-novos com este sobrenome em GONSALVES DE MELLO, SALVADOR e WIZNITZER.  Cardoso, Cardozo - A origem do nome é latina (carduus), espanhola. Mais especificamente provém de Cardoso de la Sierra, na província de Guadalajara, Espanha. Há, igualmente, uma vila com o nome de Cardoso em Viseu, Portugal. As crônicas apresentam muitos cristãos-novos no Brasil colonial portando este sobrenome. Estão espalhados os Cardosos e Cardozos por todos os lugares onde os sefaradim chegaram, inclusive no Palácio do Planalto;  Cohim, Cuhim, Kuhim, Cunha - de cohen = "sacerdote". Como os levitas, guardam no nome a marca do origem sacerdotal. Inúmeros cohanim, sem dúvida, perderam foram destituídos de exercer a kehunah, ou seja, o sacerdócio por terem cometido alguma infração. Isso os leva "a abandonar o nome de Cohen para receber um outro nome patronímico, cuja estrutura fonética lembre (evoque) esta perda. Os destituídos da Kehunah são os Halalim - 'Profanadores' - e seu nome de adoção é conhecido em qualquer Comunidade". Há Cohim entre os citados por BENTES.  Capítulo 2 Lendo e relendo  (de D a F) Daniel - Do hebraico "Deus é meu juiz". LUNA e BENICOEUR explicam que foi nome extremamente popular durante o medievo, resultando daí inúmeras variantes. Em inglês, Daniell, Danniel, Danniell, Danell, e outros; em francês, Deniel, Daniau, Deniau e Deniaud; são versões alemãs, Denigel, Dangl, Dannöhl; encontram-se em italiano as formas Danielli, Daniello, Danello e Ianelli entre outras. Existem famílias com o sobrenome Daniel em Minas Gerais, conhecido refúgio de cristãos-novos. Dias - Vem de Yakkov, Jacó, Iago, Santo Iago, (São) Tiago, Diego (Diogo), Dias  Dinis, Diniz - De Dines, da raiz din, que significa "juiz, julgar". Daí, Dinah, Daniel. Farias, Pires, Peres, Perez - de P-R-S = "partir, dividir, fatiar, ruptura" ou "moeda, presente ou prêmio". Melhor ainda, "o que se lança", "o arrojado", "o quebrantador" (Bereshit- Genesis - 38.29). Peres e Pires são citados por GONSALVES DE MELLO; WIZNITZER apresenta Faria e Peres, e SALVADOR cita os três;  Ferro - Tradução expressa de barsel.  Franco, Franca - O nome em castelhano e em português significa "liberto, livre, liberado, isento", e designava nos tempos medievais quem estava isento das obrigações tributárias (em hebraico Chafshi). Francos estão em Navarra em 1366. Os Francos estão onde estão os sefaradim, inclusive na Amazônia brasileira (vindos de Marrocos) e no governo do Estado brasileiro de Minas Gerais;  Capítulo 3 Lendo e relendo  (de G a L) Gadelha - da raiz G-D-L que significa "grande, largo, amplo, adulto". D. Guedalha ou Guedelia foi um astrólogo judeu da época de D. Duarte (1433-1438);  Godinho - diminutivo português de godel, gadol, com o mesmo significado acima. E idêntica origem é Godói. Góes, Góis - de goi ="estrangeiro, gentio, judeu-não-religioso". Consta em GONSALVES DE MELLO uma Ana de Góis, cristã-velha (seu nome é muito apropriado, portanto), casada com Jorge Dias da Paz, sendo este cristão-novo.  Henriques, Henriquez - É muito provável que venha de En Reques, "fonte do nó (amarrado)", conforme as expressões En Gedi e En Dor. Nome usado pelos cristãos-novos com intensa freqüência. Diz IZECKSOHN que era este um sobrenome "eivado de judaísmo". Representantes dos Henriques estão presentes em todos os livros de história do Brasil colonial.  Holanda, de Holanda - Apesar das narrativas sugerirem que os Holanda e de Holanda provêm de holandeses que permaneceram no Brasil após a queda do domínio flamengo, e que teriam trocado seus nomes por simplesmente os do país de origem, registros colocam que é nome difundido nos países saxônicos, vindo da raiz hoh e land, respectivamente "cume, cordilheira" e "terra". Oito vilas na Inglaterra têm este nome. Ocorre em variantes holandesas, flamengas, judaicas, inglesas, alemãs. Outras formas são Hollander, Howland, Hoyland, Goland, Golender, Hollenzer. É plausível supor que judeus do Nordeste holandês (particularmente das regiões que formam hoje os estados de Pernambuco e Alagoas) e plenamente identificados com os dominadores de então, tenham substituído seus nomes sefaradim pelo sobrenome em questão.  Leal - Do hebraico l'al, que significa "para o alto" (variante de lael, "para Deus"). Leão - Tradução interpretada de Judah, visto que esse animal representa simbolicamente a tribo de Judá (Gênesis -Bereshit- 49.9). WIZNITZER apresenta um Abrao Lion; GONSALVES DE MELLO registra inúmeros Leão, assim como SALVADOR;  Levi, Levita, Levito, Levy, Leivas - O sobrenome guarda o caráter da função dos primeiros que portaram o sobrenome. As crônicas atestam a presença de famílias Levi e Levy no Brasil colônia. IZECKSOHN diz ser Levita um "nome aristocrático de origem judaica"  Lopes, Lopez, Lobato - Derivados de Lobo (no latim lupus), estes cognomes são largamente encontrados entre os cristãos-novos. Os registros do Brasil colonial marcam a presença de diversos Lopes e Lopez nas suas páginas. Capítulo 4 Lendo e relendo (de M a O) Macedo - MaSaD é "alicerce, fundação". Seria um memorial à fortaleza de Massada?  Mata, Matos - Do hebraico MaT, ou seja, "campo com árvores" como diz em Ihzk'l (Ezequiel) 31.4.  Meira e Meireles - derivados de Meir, da raiz "iluminar".  Mendes, Mendez - Nome de uma das famílias que saíram da Espanha quando se deu a expulsão dos judeus no fatídico ano de 1492, tendo ido para Portugal sob a liderança do rabino Isaac Aboab. Fixaram residência na cidade do Porto, de onde, perseguidos pela Inquisição, dirigiram-se para a Holanda, norte da África e Inglaterra. Outros foram para a Itália, Turquia e para as Américas. Há uma cidade no distrito de Leiria em Portugal com o nome de Mendes. A presença dos Mendes (fortíssima na Bahia) é constante na história do cristãos-novos no Brasil.  Menezes - de Menasche, "Manassés".  Moraes, Moreira - de moreh, "professor"? Celebrado compositor/cantor leva os dois nomes ao mesmo tempo.  Moreno - de moreh nu = "nosso professor", indicando a qualidade de melamed do originador da família. Manuel da Costa Moreno, comerciante no Espírito Santo é citado por SALVADOR; WIZNITZER dá notícia de um Mathatias Moreno que fazia parte do ishuv pernambucano no Brasil Holandês, e GONSALVES DE MELLO dá uma extensa lista de portadores deste patronímico.  Mota, Motta - de mutt, mavet = "morte". Há um Vasco Pires da Mota mencionado por SALVADOR, bem como um Manuel Peres da Mota citado por GONSALVES DE MELLO;  Mourão, - Do hebraico mouram (marom), "alto".  Naia - No hebraico 'hanaia é "escala, parada" que se faz numa viagem, "albergue", de acordo com ESPÍRITO SANTO.  Nava - De navi, que significa "profeta". Registra-se o sobrenome Barnavi, cuja forma portuguesa é o prenome "Barnabé". Neri - De neir ou ner, cujo significado é "candeia, luz, lâmpada", e, ainda, "instrução, compreensão". Literalmente, a palavra quer dizer "minha lâmpada".  Nogueira - Segundo ESPÍRITO SANTO, a palavra tem origem hebréia provindo de nahar, "rio". Por contaminação com o nome da árvore assumiu a forma conhecida.  Nunes - Provavelmente do nome próprio hebraico Nun. Josué ben Nun foi o sucessor e herdeiro espiritual de Moshe Rabenu conforme o livro de Josué 1.1. Por outro lado, NaNaS é "anão" em hebraico. O sobrenome é largamente presente no Brasil da Inquisição.  Omena - O vocábulo 'oMeN tem o sentido de "fidelidade"; 'aMaN é "artista, artesão". Dessa raiz vem a palavra litúrgica Amen. Há registro de um Daniel Amen nos Estados Unidos, e GONSALVES DE MELLO fala de Moisés Amenas, que aparece nos registros de Oude West Indische Compagnie como devedor;  Capítulo 5 Lendo e Relendo  (de P a S) Pacheco - de PeSaCH = "Páscoa". Há um Álvaro (Mendes) Pacheco em WIZNITZER;  Paredes - de PaRDeS = "horto, jardim, paraíso". GONSALVES DE MELLO cita o senhor de engenho Agostinho de Paredes, o Pe. Francisco de Paredes, além de outros; SALVADOR e WIZNITZER também relacionam o(s) sobrenome(s) Parede(s);  Peres, Pires - Ver Farias;  Pinheiro - provém de Pinhas (Pinheas, Finéias), por sua vez do egípcio Pe-ne-hasi, cujo significado é "negro". A conferir o sobrenome Prieto e Moreno.  Pinto - Localidades em Portugal e na Espanha. Judeus com este sobrenome são encontrados já antes da expulsão da Espanha em 1492.  Queirós, Queiroz, Queiroga - famílias levíticas descendentes de Queros, Querós ou Quirós.  Quadros - família hebréia que surge no cenário brasileiro. Bernardo de Quadros é citado por SALVADOR como tendo contraído núpcias com uma mulher portuguesa "de inteiro sangue lusitano"  Ramalho - Presente já nos priscos dias do Brasil na pessoa de João Ramalho, descrição da vida apresenta muitos indícios de que teria sido judeu e, ainda mais, pertencente à categoria dos cohanim como o interpreta IZECKSOHN. ESPÍRITO SANTO explica o nome como vindo do hebraico ram + alia ("cimo da encosta")  Rego, Regueira - Variação do hebraico ruach, que quer dizer "vento, espírito, hálito, sopro, alento, respiração, brisa". ESPÍRITO SANTO sugere que a variante reah levou à forma Rego (reah,reag,rego).  Rocha - Cf. Bezerra.  Rosa - Nome encontradiço entre os cristãos-novos. Provém de rosh, "cabeça, pico, chefe, início"  Santos, Sento - K-D-Sh é a raiz hebréia significando "santo, sagrado, separado, posto de lado". Seria indicativo de linhagem sacerdotal ou levítica? A forma Sento é originária de Castilha. Há registros desta forma desde o século XIII. Existe na Bahia uma família Sento Sé, bem como um município com o mesmo nome.  Seixas - Existem as formas Sachs, Saks e Zaks como acrônimos de Zera Kodesh Shemo, cujo significado é "seu nome descende dos mártires".  Siqueira, Sequeira, Sequerra - É nome de localidade em La Coruña, província galega da Espanha. Há registros de um Brás Siqueira na reigião do Estado brasileiro do Espírito Santo já em 1694. ESPÍRITO SANTO aponta outra origem: de sekher, que significa "açude".  Soeiro - De soher ("guarda") ou so'her (comerciante). Há em Salvador um com o nome de Soeiro. Há cristãos-novos de cognome Soeiros registrados no Brasil colonial. Soares, Suarez será o genitivo designando "filho de Soeiro".  Capítulo 6 Lendo e relendo  (de T a Z) Tinoco - Aparece em GONSALVES DE MELLO um homem chamado de Francisco Velho Tinoco; WIZNITZER também cita esse sobrenome. TaNaK é um acrônimo para Torah, Neviim e Kethuvim (Lei, Profetas e Escritos), e por ele as Escrituras Sagradas hebraicas são conhecidas entre os judeus. Terá sido o originador da família um estudioso do TaNaK, um amora ou rabino, e por sua dedicação aos Santos Escritos teria recebido este apodo que passou à sua geração?  Uchoa, Ulhoa, Ulloa - de Uxua, Essua, formas adaptadas ou corrompidas de Yehoshua No entanto, ESPÍRITO SANTO sugere Ucha provindo do hebraico hursha, "floresta".  Valverde - ESPÍRITO SANTO faz derivar de Baal-Berith, ao pé da letra, "Senhor da Aliança", e não de Vale Verde como aparenta ser.  Vivas - Do hebraico hayyim cujo significado é "vida". Outra forma desse sobrenome é Bibas.  Ximenes - do latim Simeonis, forma genitiva do prenome Simeão ou Simão. O soldado baiano João Correia Ximenes é citado por WIZNITZER; o capitão José Correia Ximenes, cristão-novo de origem, é citado por SALVADOR, e GONSALVES DE MELLO cita vários Ximenes. Simões é outra forma deste sobrenome.  Restam estes Para futuras pesquisas restam alguns nomes, entre os quais: Abreu, Acioli (Acioly, Accioly), Aguiar, Aires (Ayres), Almeida, Alves, Amaral, Araújo, Bacelar, Barcelos, Boaventura, Botelho, Brandão, Calmon, Campos, Carneiro, Carvalho, Carvalheira, Castro, Cerqueira (Serqueira), Coelho, Correa (Correia), Costa, Coutinho, Cruz, d'Ávila, Dórea (Dória), Dorta, Espírito Santo, Fernandes, Ferreira, Figueira, Figueiredo, Filgueira, Fonseca, França, Gamboa, Guedes, Gurgel, Homem, Jordão, Ladeira, Luna, Maia, Malta, Marques, Martins, Medeiros, Melo (Mello), Mendes, Mendonça, Mestre, Miranda, Muniz, Navarro, Neto, Neves, Oliveira, Osório, Paim, Parente, Pereira, Pimenta, Pimentel, Pina, Pinheiro, Pinto, Pontes, Rego, Resende, Ribeiro, Rocha, Rodrigues, Rossi, Salgado, Santa Maria, Saraiva, Sardinha, Silveira, Soares, Sória, Soriano, Spínola, Tavares, Teixeira, Teles, Toledo, Torres, Tourinho, Trindade, Valadares, Vale, Varga(s), Vasconcelos, Vaz, Veiga, Ventura, Viana, Vieira, e outros que serão incorporados a esta relação. Aceitam-se sugestões.  Bibliografia 1. BENTES, Abraham Ramiro. Primeira Comunidade Israelita Brasileira. Rio, Gráfica Borsoi, 1989.  325 p. 2. BEN-YEHUDA, Ehud e WEINSTEIN, David. Ben-Yehuda's Pocket English-Hebrew/Hebrew-English Dictionary. 5a Impressão. New York, Washington Square, 1964.  3. CORRÊA NETO, Francisco A.B.A. Os Judeus, Povo ou Religião? Rio, 1987.167 p.  4. ESPÍRITO SANTO, Moisés. Origens Orientais da Religião Popular Portuguesa/Ensaio Sobre Toponímia Antiga. Lisboa, Assírio & Alvim, 1988. 395 p.  5. FEYERABEND, Karl. Langenscheidt's Pocket Hebrew Dictionary to the Old Testament. Londres, Hodder and Stoughton, s/d. 392 p.  6. GESENIUS, William. Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. 13a Impressão. Grand Rapids, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1978. Trad. S.P. Tregelles. 919 p.  7. GONSALVES DE MELLO, José Antônio.Gente da Nação. 2ª Ed. Recife, Massangana, 1996.  546 p. 8. HILANDER, In: [http://users.deltanet.cpm/~hilander/gen/D)))2/G0000069.html#1875]  9. IZECKSOHN, Isaac. Os Marranos Brasileiros. São Paulo, Editora B'nai B'rith.1967. 244 p.  10.KAGANOFF, Benzion C. A Dictionary of Jewish Names and Their History. NY, Schocken Books, 1977. 250 p. 11.KAYSERLING, Meyer. História dos Judeus em Portugal. SP, Pioneira, 1971. Trad. G.B.C. da Silva e A. Novinsky. 334 p.  12.LIPINER, Elias. Os Judaizantes nas Capitanias de Cima. SP, Brasiliense, 1969. 223 p.  13.LUNA, Juliana de, BENICOEUR, Arval (Orgs.). Medieval Spanish Jewish Names of the 13th and 14th Centuries. In: [julais+@pitt.edu e mittle@panix.com].  14.SALVADOR, José Gonçalves. Os Cristãos Novos: Povoamento e Conquista do Solo Brasileiro (1530-1680). SP, Pioneira-EDUSP, 1976. 406 p.  15.SORIA, Marco. Index of Surnames. In: http://geocities.vom/CapeCanaveral/8037/ surnames.html]  16.Surnames Dutch Antilles. In: [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ paulvanV/ nedantak.htm].  17.The SephardiConnection Discussion Forums Jewish Genealogy Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Canaries, the Açores. In: [http://sephardiconnect.com/Welcome.html].  18.WIZNITZER, Arnold. Os Judeus no Brasil Colonial. SP, Pioneira - Editora da USP, 1966. Trad. O. Krähenbühl. 218 p.  .Bibliografia Adicional  1. ATIENZA, Juan G. Caminos de Sefarad - Guía Judía de España. Barcelona, Robinbook, 1994.  332 p.  2. HAIM, Isaac. Almanaque 5753 "Beth-El". Rio, Congregação Religiosa Israelita. 1992.  3. JEWISHGEN INFOFILE. Sephardim - Conversos - Marranos History And Current Issues. In: [http://www1.jewishgen.org/infofiles/sefard5.txt.]  4. MAGALHÃES JR., R. Como você se chama? Rio, Documentário,1974. 279 p.  5. MICHAILIDIS, Petros . Reconstructing the Family Trees and Ties of the Rhodes Sephardic Community Members at the Dawn of the 20th Century. In: [http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/2177/gedcom.htm]  6. NEUSNER, Jacob. The Way of Torah: Na Introduction to Judaism. 2ª ed. Encino, CA, Dickenson, 1974, 126 p.  7. SCHULZE, Lorine McGinnis. List of Officers and Sailors in the First Voyage of Columbus in 1492. In: [http://www.rootsweb.com/~ote/colship.htm] 8. List Of Survivors Of The First Voyage Around The World. In: http://www.rootsweb.com/~ote/magship.htm] 9. SEREBRENICK, Salomão e LIPINER, Elias. Breve História dos Judeus no Brasil. Rio, Biblos, 1962. 151 p.  10.SURNAMES: What's in a Name? In: [http://clanhuston.com].  11.TIBON, Gutierre. Onomástica Hispanoamericana. Mexico, UTEHA, 1961. 360 p. 12.WOLFF, Egon e Frieda. Fatos Históricos e Mitos da História dos Judeus no Brasil. Rio, Xenon, 1996.197 p.  Home Saudade Resources Memories Sharing Guestbook Forum Rufina Links Portugal E-mail: Rufina Bernardetti Silva Mausenbaum Copyright © 1997-2003  Rufina Bernardetti Silva Mausenbaum KNOWLES / KNOLES / NOLES Family  Association  November 27, 2011                                     Director:  Robert B. Noles HOME PAGE BACKGROUND MEMBERSHIP GENEALOGY GENETICS CONFERENCES OFFICERS BYLAWS LIBRARY PROGENITORS PHOTOGRAPHS AFFILIATES The  KNOWLES  Name                       The Many Spellings of the surname KNOWLES  (NOLES) SPELLING  of  KNOWLES The following is a list of the different spellings you may find in genealogies, local histories, census records, land records, court documents, etc. for the surname KNOWLES,  KNOLES,  NOLES or NOWELS.  Some of these spellings are a surname in their own right (perhaps yours); however, the spellings listed below have been used in a record that was apparently referring to a person whose surname was elsewhere spelled Knowles, Knoles, Noles, Nowels. Knoales,  Knoall,  Knoel,  Knoell,  Knohl,  Knohls,  Knol,  Knolas,  Knolds,  Knolers,  Knole,  Knoles, Knolis,  Knoll,  Knolle,  Knolles,  Knollis,  Knolls,  Knollys,  Knols,  Knolus,  Knooles,  Knools,  Knoul, Knouels,  Knouls,  Know,  Knowales,  Knowel,  Knoweles,  Knowell,  Knowells,  Knowels,  Knowl,  Knowlas,  Knowlds,  Knowle,  Knowles,  Knowless,  Knowlis,  Knowls,  Nawels,  Nawls,  Noel,  Noels,  Nolas,  Noldes,  Nolds,  Noles,  Nolis,  Noll,  Nolles,  Nollis,  Nolls,  Nols,  Nolse,  Nolss,  Noluss,  Noul,  Nouls,  Nowal,  Nowall,  Nowel,  Nowell,  Nowells,  Nowels,  Nowil,  Nowill,  Nowl,  Nowles,  Nowliss,  Nowls. Would life have been easier if our surname had been HILL? History of the name KNOWLES    SURNAME  VARIANTS A quick way to identify the many possible variant spellings for your surname is by using the program Surname Suggestion List (SSL) by Matt Combs.  This program is designed to assist you is searching the Internet for your surname variants.  The SSL program is available to download for free with the stipulation that you make a small donation to the developer, if the program was useful to you.  The SSL will create three (3) lists of similar sounding surnames.  The lists are based on how good a sound match the other surnames are to the primary spelling of your surname.   The lists below were generated by SSL for: KNOWLES KNOLES NOLES NOWELS KNOWLESSURNAME   SUGGESTION  LIST LIST  1 LIST 2 LIST 3 KNOLES KNOLE KNALL KNOLLES KNOLLS KNEISLEY KNOWLER KNOLLYS KNELL KNOWLES KNOWL KNILL NOWLES KNOYLE KNIOLA NOLES KNISLEY NOWLEY KNOELL KNOLL KNOYELL KNOYL KNULL NAILS NALE NALLEY NALLS NEALE NEELEY NEHLS NEILE NEILS NELLES NELLIS NEWLEE NEWLY NILE NILES NILLES NISLEY NOEL NOELL NOL NOLA NOLAS NOLAU NOLE NOLL NOLLE NOLLEY NOYLE NULLE Return to Top of This Page KNOLESSURNAME   SUGGESTION  LIST LIST  1 LIST 2 LIST 3 KNOLES Newall Newal NOWELL Nowall Newall Nowell Nowialis Newhall Nowels Newholz Newill Return to Top of This Page NOLESSURNAME   SUGGESTION  LIST LIST  1 LIST 2 LIST 3 Knoles Knole Kneisley Knolles Hnollys Kniola Knolls Knoyell Knoell Knowles Knoyle Knoll Nelles Nale Nails Niles Nalley Nall Nilles Nalls Nalle Nobles Nealey Nallie Nolas Nealis Nally Nole Nealley Neale NOLES Neeley Nealeigh Nolley Neeole Nealious Nowles Nelhaus Neally Nowley Nelis Neel Nelisse Neele Nellis Neeley Newlee Nelhaus Nile Nehls Nisley Neile Noel Neilly Nol Neils Nols Neligh Nolau Nell Noli Nellhaus Nolie Nelli Noll Nellie Nolle Niel Noyle Niello Nila Noel Noell Noyola Null Nulle Return to Top of This Page NOWELSSURNAME   SUGGESTION  LIST LIST  1 LIST 2 LIST 3 Knowell Newsll Newal Nowell Newall Newall NOWELS Nowialis Newhall Newholz Newill Return to Top of This Page History of the Name KNOWLES * Many centuries ago in the middle ages (pre 1400) in England, most people were typically known simply by a name given to them at baptism (John, Robert or Mary). If (when) you could trace back the KNOWLES (or NOLES) families generation by generation, from one parent to the previous one, you would eventually arrive at a man who lived in a cottage near a prominent hill (or knoll). Whenever this Knowles ancestor had occasion to pay his tax or sell some of his farming produce, he would more than likely be recorded by his known given name and the obvious identification 'who lived on the 'knoll'. In the language of the middle age, this would appear as 'cknoll', the English word for hill. It is highly probable that throughout the English countryside in the middle ages there were many such people identified with a prominent hill that were of no direct kin, but who became known as a KNOWLES. Therefore there is no one progenitor for all the KNOWLES (or NOLES) families in the world.  One of the earliest accounts of the KNOWLES name appears in the property assessments of Devon in the year 1185 in which the name Robert de la Cnolle is listed.  In the records of Cumberland in 1279, the preposition is dropped and the name Thomas Knolle takes on the appearance of the hereditary form of the name.  The terminal 's' in Knowles is patronymic indicating 'son of Knowle' and appears for the first time in the 14th century. There are several illustrious families of the Knowles name who have achieved noble status.  Armorial bearings are registered for those of aristocratic pedigree and others of humble background who nevertheless have achieved this honor through their civic and military accomplishments.  A significant grant of arms shows a red shield with a silver band on which there are three shells colored black. English people with the Knowles surname are known to be among the first settlers of New England having arrived as early as 1635 aboard the ship "Susan and Ellen". They were British subjects taking up homesteads in a colonial territory and dutifully signed an oath of allegiance to the King and the Church of England. Others of the name arrived soon after and included the Rev. John Knowles who settled in Plymouth in 1639; his son Richard was a master ship-builder. Another JOHN Knowles settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1650 and later purchased a home in Northampton, New Hampshire.   *  [History of Knowles name developed by R. B. Noles based on an article appearing in the Lexington Herald, Lexington, KY, October 14, 1970, by Charles Guarino & Albert Seddon in their "What's in a Name?" column and several other sources]   Return to Top of This Page "Black's Surnames of Scotland" According to "Black's Surnames of Scotland", the Knowles surname was originally derived from the word "cnoc".   In most of Scotland, cnoc is pronounced "knock" or "knox" (as in Fort Knox).   In some parts of Scotland, cnoc is pronounced "crock".   When translated cnoc means "knoll", or the plural "knolls".  Hence the English translation of cnoc combined with a corrupted spelling resulted in "Knowles".  According to"Black", the most likely location for the Scottish "Knolls" was a place in the barony of Renfrewshire called "Knock".  As an aside, the motto of Clan McLea is "Cnoc Aingeil", which translates as "Fire Knoll".  This landmark is located on the ancient estate of Baron Livingstone (the McLea clan chief) on the Isle of Lismore.   The Livingstones who lived there were known as "muinntir a chnuic" - the people of the knoll.   The Clan McLea motto may be a reference to "Cnoc Aingeil", or it may be a reference to another knoll on the estate known as "Cnoc a Bhreith", the Judgment Knoll.   (the "Black's" and McLea Clan information courtesy of Robert Livingston via Fred Hembree) Return to Top of This Page      DICTIONARY  of AMERICAN  FAMILY  NAMES by  Patrick  Hanks, Editor Family Historians, whether their efforts are based on traditional genealogical paperwork research or now on the results of DNA tests, they need to eventually understand the meaning and source for the surnames they are researching.  The research for the Knowles Progenitors is no exception to this premise. A quick way to identify the many possible variant spellings for your surname is by using the program Surname Suggestion List (SSL) by Matt Combs.  This program is designed to assist you is searching the Internet for your surname variants.  The SSL program is available to download for free with the stipulation that you make a small donation to the developer, if the program was useful to you.  The SSL will create three (3) lists of similar sounding surnames.  The lists are based on how good a sound match the other surnames are to the primary spelling of your surname. A new reference book, the "Dictionary of American Family Names" (DAFN) published by the Oxford University Press in 2003 (Patrick Hanks, editor) is now available to assist us understand the origins of our surnames.  This handsome three-volume set of hard-back books containing nearly 2,000 pages covers names from Aaberg to Zywicki.  The DAFN is sold by Oxford University Press and is available in most good genealogical libraries. The DAFN is the first major attempt to explain the history and origin of the 72,000 most frequent family names in the United States.  The General Introduction in Volume One is an outstanding overview of the history of surnames from around the world as well as a discussion of surname frequencies and the source for the definitions used in this work.  This series of articles covers the origins of surnames in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, France, Germany, Scandinavia, Finland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary, India, China, Korea and Japan as well as Jewish, Slovenian, Latvian, Arabic and Muslim family names. The DAFN surname entries are structured to provide the surname (with alternate spellings), a comparative frequency of the surname in the U.S., the source language and origin of the surname, original spelling, typology, etymology and, in some cases, an identification of forebears. The DAFN does a great job explaining the typology of family names, including; patronymic, metronymic, habitational, topographical, regional, occupational, status, nicknames, anecdotal, seasonal, humanistic, ornamental, as well as variants resulting from diminutives, augmentatives and pejoratives. The DAFN is a book about the history of names, not the history of families;  however, there are examples where the bearers of some American surnames are almost certainly all descended from a single progenitor from the old country. The following listing contains examples from the DAFN pertinent to members of the KKNFA (the number in parenthesis following the surname refers to the frequency of the surname in the sample of 88.7 million listings in the DAFN database): HILL  (141,823)  English and Scottish: extremely common and widely distributed topographical name for some one who lived on or by a hill, Middle English hill (Old English hyll).  2. English: from the medieval personal name Hill, a short form of Hilary (or Hillary) or of a Germanic (male or female) compound name with the first element hild 'strife', 'battle'.  3. German: from a short form of HILDERBRAND or any of a variety of other names, male and female, containing Germanic hild as the first element.   4. Jewish (American): Anglicized form of various Jewish names of similar sound or meaning.   5. English translation of Finnish Mäki ('hill'), or any of various other names formed with this element, such as Mäkinen, Heinämäki, and Kivimäki. HILLS  (4,441)  English (southeastern):  1. variant of HILL.  2. patronymic from HILL 2. KNOCK  (332)  1. North German form of Knoche.  2. German: possible a habitational name from Knock near Emden.  3. English: topographical name for someone living by a hill, from Middle English knocke 'hill' (Old English) cnoc). KNOELL  (214)  German (Knöll): nickname for a peasant or for a crude uncouth person, from middle High German knolle 'sod'., 'lump of earth' KNOLES  (272)  English: Variant spelling of KNOWLES. KNOLL  (3,945)  1. English and German: topographic name for someone living near a hilltop or mountain peak, from Middle English knolle ‘hilltop’, ‘hillock’ (Old English cnoll), Middle High German knol ‘peak’.  In some cases the English name is habitational, from one of the many places named with this word, for example Knole in Kent or Knowle in Dorset, West Midlands, etc.  2. German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) nickname for a peasant or a crude clumpsy person, from Middle High German knolle ‘lump’, ‘clod’, German Knolle. KNOLLE  (118)  German: variant of Knoll. KNOLLMAN  (108)  German: topographical name for someone living near the summit of a hill or mountain. KNOWLES  (10,731)  1. English: topographic name for someone who lived at the top of a hill or by a hillock, from a genitive or plural form of the Middle English knoll ‘hilltop’, ‘hillock’ (Old English cnoll or habitational name from any of the many places named with this word).  2. Irish: Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó’Tnúthghail. KNOWLTON  (3,243)  English: habitational name from either of two places so named, one in Dorcet and the other in Kent.  Both are named in Old English as ‘the settlement (tun) by the hilltop (cnoll)’. KNOX  (14,847)  1. Scottish, northern England, and northern Irish; from a genitive or plural form of Old English cnocc ‘round-topped hill’, hence a topographical name for someone who lived on a hilltop, or a habitational name from one of the places in Scotland and northern England named with this element, now spelled Knock, in particular one in Renfrewshire.  2. The surname is also borne by eastern Ashkenazic Jews as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames. MARVEL  (1,419)  English: 1. nickname for a person considered prodigious in some way. From Middle English, Old French merveille ‘miracle’ (Latin mirabilia, originally neuter plural of the adjective mirabilis ‘admirable’, ‘amazing’).  The nickname was no doubt sometimes given with mocking intent.  2. (of Norman origin): habitational name, from places called Merville. MONTGOMERY  (39,082)  English, Scottish, and Northern Irish of Norman origin:  Habitational name from a place in Calvados, France, so named from Old French mont 'hill' + a Germanic personal name composed of the elements guma 'man' + ric 'power'.   In Ireland this surname has been Gaelicized as Mac Iomarie and in Scotland as Mac Gumaraid. NEWELL  (12,001)  1. English and Irish; variant of Neville. 2. English variant of Noel. 3. Irish (north County Kildare): Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó’Tnúthghail, ’descendant of Tnúthgal’, a personal name composed of the elements tnúth ’desire’, ’envy’ + gal ’valor’. NOCK  (646)  English: topographical name for someone who lived by an oak tree, from misdivision of Middle English atten oke 'at the oak'.  2. South German from Tyrolean nock, nog 'rounded hill', 'rock', hence a topographical name for someone who lived by such a feature, or a nickname from the same word used in the sense 'short and fat'. NOEL  (9,087)  English and French: nickname for someone who had some special connection with the Christmas season, such as owning the particular feudal duty of providing a yule-log to the lord of the manor, or having given a memorable performance as the Lord of Misrule.  The name is from Middle English.  Old French nouel ‘Christmas’ (Latin natalis (dies) ‘birthday’).  It was also used as a given name for someone born during the Christmas period. NOELL  (631)  1. German (Nöll): habitational name from any of several places in Rhineland and Westphalia named Nöll. 2. Catalan: nickname from Novell ‘young’, ‘new’ (Latin novellas ‘new’). NOELLE  (104)  1. German: respelling of NOELL.  2. Respelling of French NOEL. NOESKE  (124)  German (Nóske): nickname for someone with a remarkable nose, from Sorbian nósk,  a diminutive of nos, nós, 'nose'. NOLES  (1,198)  An altered spelling of Knowles. NOLL  (4,241)  1.  German: from a short form of any of various medieval personal names derived from Germanic personal names ending in -n + wald 'rule', for example ARNOLD and REINWALD.   2. South German: nickname for a rotund or naive person, from Middle High Germannol 'hillock', 'knoll'.   3. Jewish (Ashkenazic): of uncertain origin; perhaps an occupational name from Yiddish nol 'awl'. NOLLE  (125)  1.  German:  variant of NOLL.  2. North German: habitational name from the Nolle district in Westphalia.  3. North German (Nölle); topographical name from Middle High German nol, nel(le) 'peak', 'summit', also the name from several streams so named in Westphalia.  4. German (Nolle): variant of NOLL 1.   5. French (Nollé): variant of NOLET. NOWELL  (2,143)  English:  variant spelling of NOEL. NOWELS  (106)  Altered form of NOWELL or NOEL. PRETTY  (233)  English (East Anglia): nickname for a fine or handsome fellow, from Middle English prety, prity ‘fine’, ‘pleasing’, ‘excellent’ (Old English prættig ‘clever, ‘artful’, ‘wily’). PRETTYMAN  (790)  English (East Anglia): elaborated form of Pretty, or an occupational name for a servant of someone called Pretty. Robert B. Noles Director, KKNFA Revised: June 2007  Return to Top of This Page   To  Genealogy Home Page        HOME PAGE BACKGROUND MEMBERSHIP GENEALOGY GENETICS CONFERENCES OFFICERS BYLAWS LIBRARY PROGENITORS PHOTOGRAPHS AFFILIATES Webmaster:  Robert B. Noles                               Date of last edit:   Saturday, January 10, 2009 © 2000-2008  R.B. Noles    All Rights Reserved HowManyOfMe.com There are 62 people with my name (Robert Noles) in the U.S.A. How many have your name? GIFT  ITEMSwith KKNFA Logo     T-Shirts regular & super size coffee mugs and many more everyday items with KKNFA logo Order via Genealogia Judaico-Brasileira Sobrenomes usados por cristãos novos processados pela Inquisição A presente lista foi retirada do livro "As raízes judaicas no Brasil", de Flávio Mendes de Carvalho, com os sobrenomes de cristãos-novos, brasileiros ou residentes no Brasil, condenados pela Inquisição nos séc. XVII e XVIII e que constam nos arquivos da Torre do Tombo em Lisboa. Vale lembrar que os judeus, por ocasião da conversão forçada, tiveram que adotar sobrenomes de cristãos-velhos. Assim o fato de um sobrenome estar na lista não nos garante dizer que todas as pessoas que o carregam são descendentes dos cristãos-novos. Por outro lado, o fato de outro sobrenome não estar, não exclui a possibilidade de que possa também ter origem judaica, posto que a pesquisa de Flávio Mendes não abrangeu todo o período de atuação da Inquisição e que os arquivos consultados pelo autor são somente de pessoas  que foram processadas por aquele tribunal religioso - pessoas que conseguiram manter suas práticas religiosas em segredo, obviamente, não estariam listadas. Na obra do historiador, constam os nomes e na maioria das vezes a naturalidade, o parentesco e a residência dos judaizantes - termo como eram chamados os conversos descobertos praticando o judaísmo. Há vários casos em que muitos dos membros de uma mesma família foram condenados e torturados para delatar a sua própria gente. A Abreu Abrunhosa Affonseca Affonso Aguiar Ayres Alam Alberto Albuquerque Alfaro Almeida Alonso Alvade Alvarado Alvarenga Álvares/Alvarez Alvelos Alveres Alves Alvim Alvorada Alvres Amado Amaral Andrada Andrade Anta Antonio Antunes Araujo Arrabaca Arroyo Arroja Aspalhão Assumção Athayde Ávila Avis Azeda Azeitado Azeredo Azevedo B Bacelar Balão Balboa Balieyro Baltiero Bandes Baptista Barata Barbalha Barboza /Barbosa Bareda Barrajas Barreira Baretta Baretto Barros Bastos Bautista Beirão Belinque Belmonte Bello Bentes Bernal Bernardes Bezzera Bicudo Bispo Bivar Boccoro Boned Bonsucesso Borges Borralho Botelho Bragança Brandão Bravo Brites Brito Brum Bueno Bulhão C Cabaco Cabral Cabreira Cáceres Caetano Calassa Caldas Caldeira Caldeyrão Callado Camacho Câmara Camejo Caminha Campo Campos Candeas Capote Cárceres Cardozo/Cardoso Carlos Carneiro Carranca Carnide Carreira Carrilho Carrollo Carvalho Casado Casqueiro Cásseres Castenheda Castanho Castelo Castelo Branco Castelhano Castilho Castro Cazado Cazales Ceya Céspedes Chacla Chacon Chaves Chito Cid Cobilhos Coche Coelho Collaço Contreiras Cordeiro Corgenaga Coronel Correa Cortez Corujo Costa Coutinho Couto Covilhã Crasto Cruz Cunha D Damas Daniel Datto Delgado Devet Diamante Dias Diniz Dionisio Dique Doria Dorta Dourado Drago Duarte Duraes E Eliate Escobar Espadilha Espinhosa Espinoza Esteves Évora F Faísca Falcão Faria Farinha Faro Farto Fatexa Febos Feijão Feijó Fernandes Ferrão Ferraz Ferreira Ferro Fialho Fidalgo Figueira Figueiredo Figueiro Figueiroa Flores Fogaça Fonseca Fontes Forro Fraga Fragozo Franca Francês Francisco Franco Freire Freitas Froes/Frois Furtado G Gabriel Gago Galante Galego Galeno Gallo Galvão Gama Gamboa Gancoso Ganso Garcia Gasto Gavilão Gil Godinho Godins Goes Gomes Gonçalves Gouvea Gracia Gradis Gramacho Guadalupe Guedes Gueybara Gueiros Guerra Guerreiro Gusmão Guterres H/I/J Henriques Homem Idanha Iscol Isidro Jordão Jorge Jubim Julião L Lafaia Lago Laguna Lamy Lara Lassa Leal Leão Ledesma Leitão Leite Lemos Lima Liz Lobo Lopes Loucão Loureiro Lourenço Louzada Lucena Luiz Luna Luzarte M Macedo Machado Machuca Madeira Madureira Magalhães Maia Maioral Maj Maldonado Malheiro Manem Manganes Manhanas Manoel Manzona Marçal Marques Martins Mascarenhas Mattos Matoso Medalha Medeiros Medina Melão Mello Mendanha Mendes Mendonça Menezes Mesquita Mezas Milão Miles Miranda Moeda Mogadouro Mogo Molina Monforte Monguinho Moniz Monsanto Montearroyo Monteiro Montes Montezinhos Moraes Morales Morão Morato Moreas Moreira Moreno Motta Moura Mouzinho Munhoz N Nabo Nagera Navarro Negrão Neves Nicolao Nobre Nogueira Noronha Novaes Nunes O Oliva Olivares Oliveira Oróbio P Pacham/Pachão/Paixão Pacheco Paes Paiva Palancho Palhano Pantoja Pardo Paredes Parra Páscoa Passos Paz Pedrozo Pegado Peinado Penalvo Penha Penso Penteado Peralta Perdigão Pereira Peres Pessoa Pestana Picanço Pilar Pimentel Pina Pineda Pinhão Pinheiro Pinto Pires Pisco Pissarro Piteyra Pizarro Pombeiro Ponte Porto Pouzado Prado Preto Proença Q Quadros Quaresma Queiroz Quental R Rabelo Rabocha Raphael Ramalho Ramires Ramos Rangel Raposo Rasquete Rebello Rego Reis Rezende Ribeiro Rios Robles Rocha Rodriguez Roldão Romão Romeiro Rosário Rosa Rosas Rozado Ruivo Ruiz S Sa Salvador Samora Sampaio Samuda Sanches Sandoval Santarém Santiago Santos Saraiva Sarilho Saro Sarzedas Seixas Sena Semedo Sequeira Seralvo Serpa Serqueira Serra Serrano Serrão Serveira Silva Silveira Simão Simões Soares Siqueira Sodenha Sodré Soeyro Sueyro Soeiro Sola Solis Sondo Soutto Souza T/U Tagarro Tareu Tavares Taveira Teixeira Telles Thomas Toloza Torres Torrones Tota Tourinho Tovar Trigillos Trigueiros Trindade Uchôa V/X/Z Valladolid Vale Valle Valença Valente Vareda Vargas Vasconcellos Vasques Vaz Veiga Veyga Velasco Velez Vellez Velho Veloso Vergueiro Viana Vicente Viegas Vieyra Viera Vigo Vilhalva Vilhegas Vilhena Villa Villalão Villa-Lobos Villanova Villar Villa Real Villella Vilela Vizeu Xavier Ximinez Zuriaga Fonte: CARVALHO, Flávio Mendes de. Raízes Judaicas no Brasil: arquivos secretos da Inquisição.São Paulo: Arcádia, 1992. ----------------------- The Names of the Jews A Preliminary FAQ by Joachim Mugdan Institute of General Linguistics, University of Münster, Germany As a substitute for the long-promised FAQ on names and as a supplement to the section "Names" in the general JewishGen FAQ by Warren Blatt, here are some of my earlier JewishGen messages on the subject. I hope that I will be able to write a proper FAQ. The messages appear in chronological order. I have numbered them and have compiled a short index with links to the messages which deal with a particular issue. If your browser does not jump to the correct section, move the cursor past the index and then search for the section number (with the # sign). Except for occasional cuts, I have not edited the messages. In particular, I have not tried to remove repetitions and redundancies. Most of the messages are replies to other postings and contain quotes from them. For practical reasons, I have not deleted the names of the authors, but I want to emphasize that my criticisms should in no way be taken as personal attacks. Please note that the material in this file is copyright (and not ready for publication) and may therefore not be reproduced in any form without my permission. Index The traditional Jewish name system How were Jews named in older non-Jewish records? - #07 What is a "kinnui"? - #07 How are "Hebrew" and "secular" names related? - #08 Why are "corrupted" forms of "Hebrew" names used? - #08 Adoption of family names When did family names become obligatory? - #05, #09 What was the purpose of family names? - #05, #09 Were (derogatory) names imposed by the authorities? - #01, #05, #06, #09 Which names were Jews not allowed to choose? - #05 Did Jews (have to) change their names? - #05, #07 Were fancy names (Diamant, Goldblatt etc.) purchased? - #01, #05 Where do animal names (Baer, Wolf etc.) come from? - #01, #05 How did given names become family names? - #07 Where does the ending -s in family names come from? - #10 Are there exclusively Jewish family names? - #05, #11 Books about names Where can I look up Jewish family names? - #02 How reliable is R' Gorr's "Jewish Personal Names"? - #03 What is the best dictionary of English given names? - #04 (Please note that the other messages contain additional references) #01 Names, Names, Names ... [extract] (31 Jan 1994) Back to index (d) Animal names as family names (Dan Leeson, 30 Jan 1994 09:23:55 -0800) DL> Henno Zelis of the Netherlands reminds us that [... in 1811] DL> some Jews did take animal names. DL> This was also true in Germany (or at least in Baden) as name DL> changes became obligatory there. Such common Jewish names DL> include "bear," "eagle" (Adler), "wolf," etc. There are two major sources for such names, and there is nothing derogatory about them (cf. Gerhard Kessler, Die Familiennamen der Juden in Deutschland, Leipzig 1935; Benzion C. Kaganoff, A Dictionary of Jewish Names and their History, New York 1977): (1) Certain animals are traditionally associated with common Hebrew first names. (In part, these associations are based on Jacob's blessings for his sons, Bereshit 49.) The German words for these animals were used as secular first names (Hebrew "kinnui") and often became family names, e.g. Judah - Loew, Loeb, etc; Spanish Leon 'lion' Issachar - Baer, Beer, Berl, Perl, etc. 'bear' Naphtali - Hirsch, Herz(l), etc.; Slavic Jellin(ek) 'deer' Asher - Lamm, etc. 'lamb' Ephraim - Fisch(el), etc. 'fish' Joseph - Stier; Ochs 'bull; ox' Benjamin - Wolf, Wulf, etc.; Spanish Lopez 'wolf' Joshua - Falk, Falik, etc. 'falcon' Jona - Taube, Teuber, etc. 'dove' (2) In some old cities, notably Frankfurt/Main and Prague, houses were identified by signs which often depicted animals; the inhabitants later adopted these house names as family names (Rothschild 'red sign, shield' being the most famous). Examples: Adler 'eagle' Gans, Ganz 'goose' Hahn 'cock' Hecht 'pike' Lamm 'lamb' Rindskopf 'cow-head' Several of the "kinnui" names in (1) are also attested as house names, e.g. Falk, Lamm, Ochs. Fuchs 'fox' may be based either on a house name or on a nickname for red-haired (or perhaps sly) people; Kaganoff also mentions that "rabbis in Poland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries wore a special garb with a fox-lined outer garment, and when names were given out this may have influenced the selection" (p. 153). DL> For those unable to purchase a fancy name (such as "Diamond" or DL> "Rosenberg" or "Rosenbloom"), the naming authorities might play DL> an awful trick by giving these people names such as gallows-rope DL> (Galgenstrich) or donkey-head (Eselkopf). This is something that seems to have happened in Galicia - but in liberal Baden?? (Kaganoff, p. 23, fails to differentiate here.) BTW, the correct spellings are "Galgenstrick" (with final k) and "Eselskopf". The latter might also be a house name (cf. "Rindskopf" above). The supposedly fancy name "Diamant" may have been given to someone involved in the diamond trade, and many of the family names with "Rosen-" could be derived from (or patterned on) place names; Rosenberg, Rosenfeld, Rosengarten, Rosent(h)al and others are quite common in German-speaking areas. Another source of the Jewish family names with "Rosen-" might be the female name "Rose" (the mother's name, presumably) to which something was added; the frequent occurrence of "Blum(en)-", "Gold(e)-" etc. may be explained similarly. Moreover, such names were common in non- Jewish circles, too (just remember Rosencrantz and Guildenstern). In other words, many Jewish family names can have a variety of origins so that we must be careful with generalizations. #02 Names: Recommended reading etc. [extract] (1 Feb 94) Back to index There are quite a few books on Jewish family names; apart from Beider, Alexander: A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Russian Empire. Teaneck/NJ: Avotaynu 1993 there is a new dictionary I haven't seen yet (any opinions on it?): Guggenheimer, Heinrich W. & Eva: Jewish Family Names and their Origins: An Etymological Dictionary. Hoboken/NJ: Ktav 1992. Much less expensive is: Kaganoff, Benzion C.: A Dictionary of Jewish Names and their History. New York: Schocken 1977 (ISBN 0-8052-0643-4 pb) In 1992, CCAR Press, Dept. 3, 192 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 10016, Tel. (212) 684-4990, sold it at $2.95 (yes, two dollars and ninety-five cents) +15% s&h! (Prepayment by Visa, MasterCard, check or money order required. I don't know whether the offer is still valid; if it is, JGSs should consider bulk orders - s&h was free on orders over $50.) A comprehensive list of older books and articles can be found in: Singerman, Robert: Jewish and Hebrew Onomastics: A Bibliography. New York: Garland 1977 #03 [Books; extract from longer message] (2 Feb 1994) Back to index [Quoting David Chapin, message of 1 Feb 94 13:55:54 CST:] DC> A superb book about the subject is Rabbi Gorr's book on names. I can't DC> recall the title, but it was published in 1993 by AVOTAYNU. He discusses DC> the tribal linkage between the names and the reasons behind them, etc. The reference is: Gorr, R. Shmuel: Jewish Personal Names: Their Origin, Derivation and Diminutive Forms. Teaneck/NJ: Avotaynu 1992, xv+112 pp. The title is somewhat misleading: R. Gorr z"l lists first names (with lots of variants), but mentions family names only when they are derived from first names. R. Gorr creates the impression of being knowledgeable in matters of linguistics and phonetics, but unfortunately he is not. On p. xi, he gives a phonetic classification of consonants which is highly unsatisfactory - worst of all, he fails to distinguish between sounds and letters (a "capital crime" in the eyes of any linguist). The same applies to various other statements, e.g. "as there is no aspirant H in the Russian alphabet, the nearest is the G" (p. 38); cf. my "Re: Novogrudok (& Slavic Linguistics)" of 30 Jan 1994. His classification of names as "Teutonic", "German", "Old High German", "Yiddish" etc. is also somewhat strange, and so are many of his remarks on sound changes. R. Gorr doesn't give exact references (e.g. "there are some who claim ...", p. 63) nor does he adduce proofs for his etymologies, even where he disagrees with the widely accepted ones (e.g. for "Frumet"). His own derivations are not always correct either. To mention just one example I happened to notice, he says about the name "Bodhana" or "Bodana" (p. 56f): "The _Bod_ part of the name means _God_ in Ukrainian. The _Hana_ part is our well-known Hebrew _Hannah_ ...". One can easily check in a dictionary that the Ukrainian word is not _bod_ but _boh_ (Russian _bog_), and I should be very surprised if the name isn't simply the female variant of Ukrainian "Bohdan" (Russian "Bogdan"), in which the second part _dan_ means 'given'. "Bogdan" is an old Slavic name, modeled on a Greek one; in Hebrew, "Nathan" expresses a similar idea. The book may be quite useful for some purposes, but regrettably it is far from "superb". Of course, R. Gorr was an amateur and not a trained linguist, and so were most of the people who compiled dictionaries of Jewish names. The books which I mentioned as "recommended reading" are not necessarily more reliable! #04 [Books] (23 May 1994) Back to index TO: Arline Parnes RE: Msg of Thu, 19 May 1994 10:20:33 -0500 in JEWISHGEN > What is the BEST book to buy for meanings of personal names (a dictionary). > I have Rabbi Gorr's book for the Jewish personal names. Arline, you presumably mean a book about the etymology (origin) of names; names don't have a "meaning" in the true sense. I guess you're looking for something about English first names since you seem satisfied with R. Gorr for the Jewish ones. The standard source is: E. G. Withycombe: The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press (3rd ed. 1979) A book which lists lots and lots of first names - including Biblical and modern (Israeli) Jewish names - and gives very brief etymologies is: Alfred J. Kolatch, The Complete Dictionary of English and Hebrew First Names, Middle Village NY: Jonathan David 1984 (488 pages) (You can order straight from the publishers Jonathan David Publishers Inc. 68-22 Eliot Avenue Middle Village, NY 11379 Phone (718) 456-8611 Fax (718) 894-2818 Ask for their "Judaica Book Guide", which includes many special offers - if you're lucky, you can get the name dictionary at less than the regular price, which is $25.) As I pointed out in an earlier message, R. Gorr's book should be used with caution. What I like is that it lists many variants and diminutive forms of names, but the remarks about etymology and sound change are not based on an adequate knowledge of linguistics and phonetics. It's impossible to say which dictionary is the "best" - it all depends on what you need it for. Each book has specific advantages and short- comings, and NO dictionary is entirely reliable. This is especially true of etymology. In this field, even professional lexicographers sometimes make grotesque mistakes, as I showed a number of years ago in a detailed review of a new German dictionary (a general one, not one of names) - and most name dictionaries are compiled by amateurs ... #05 [Adoption of Family Names] (6 June 1994) Back to index IN REPLY TO: Msg from Dan Leeson of Sun, 29 May 1994 05:57:50 -0700 ORIGINAL SUBJECT: Bob Wine's question about "Diamond" DL> The name only leads me to believe that one of your ancestors came from DL> Germany where, in the mid-1800s, mandatory name changes were instituted by DL> the government. Prior to that time, people were permitted to use last DL> names, but after that date, they were required to do so, both Jews and DL> non-Jews alike. As far as I know, the governments in the various German states (which at that time were entirely independent) did not require people to *change* their names. What is true is that family names became obligatory - those people who already had a surname registered it and those who didn't took one. Family names became obligatory first in Austria (1787), then in Frankfurt/ Main (1807), French-occupied Rhineland and Westphalia (1808), Baden (1809), Prussia (1812), Bavaria (1813) and other states. Prussian-occupied Posen (1833) and Saxonia (1834) were among the last, so that "in the mid-1800s" is not quite correct except for Oldenburg (1852). DL> Obviously, one wanted a last name that was not a public disgrace. If DL> you were unable to purchase a beautiful sounding name, the authorities DL> might (and occasionally did) give someone a name like "Galgenstrick" DL> which means "gallows rope" or "Eselkopf" which means "Donkey's Head." We've been through that before, but since this seems to be a widespread rumour, I have to repeat what I said in my message "Names, Names, Names ..." of 31 January (Digest 136) - sorry, Dan. While it is true that a few disgraceful names (not all that many, as far as I know) are attested in Galicia, which was part of Austria-Hungary, they were never imposed by the authorities in Germany. There, Jews and non-Jews chose their own names, although in some (not all) states certain names were inadmissible. In the West and North-West, which was under French rule in the early 1800s, names of cities and Biblical first names were not allowed as *new* Jewish family names; restrictions of a similar kind, which did not affect names that had been in use before, existed in Baden and in Austria. In keeping with the spirit of the times, which linked emancipation (equal rights for Jews and non-Jews) to assimilation, the purpose of such regulations was to *avoid* conspicous differences between the names of Jews and non-Jews. Moreover, names which may sound derogatory to us need not be derogatory in origin. Thus, as I said before, "Eselskopf" (with should have an _s_ in the middle) could well be a name based on a house sign (see below) - like "Rindskopf" ('cow's head'), which is attested in Frankfurt/Main. Family names which look derogatory also occur among non-Jewish Germans, and some of them have been in use for a long time so that they certainly can't be blamed on officials who didn't get a sufficiently bribe. Obviously, the etymology of each name must be examined very carefully. DL> The names thought to be most beautiful by many people were names of DL> jewels, such as diamond. And thus "Diamant" (English: Diamond) became DL> a popular name among Jews. As I said before, the name "Diamant" was not chosen for its supposed beauty but indicates that the bearer was in the diamond trade. "Wein" ('wine') can also be a name of this type. DL> Other popular names that were purchased (I presume from an approved DL> list) were "Rosenberg" (meaning rose mountain), "Goldberg" (or gold DL> mountain). These names (which Jews in Germany certainly didn't have to purchase) can derive from a variety of sources, including place names and female first names - for details see my earlier message. DL> Some people chose names [...] after the sign that was hung in front DL> of their place of business (Rothschild = red shield). A minor correction: These names are derived from signs on houses, which served the function of our house numbers. In Prague, for instance, one can still see lots of houses with stucco signs above the door showing a sun, an animal, a flower or the like. DL> Certain names are inherently Jewish, such as Cohen and Levy In Germany, even the names "Kohn" and "Lewin" can have a non-Jewish origin, as can "typically Jewish" names like "Salomon", "Wolf", "Gold- bach", "Landauer" etc. etc. In other words, it is *never* permissible to assume that a family is (or was) Jewish merely because of its name. #06 'Ridiculous' Family Names (14 Aug 1994) Back to index In a message of Fri, 12 Aug 94 17:21:21 +0200, Michel R. Futtersack wrote (Subject: Are some hungarian Jewish surnames nicknames?): > Someone told me that Austrian administration gave frequently sobriquets > (nicknames) to Jews in the 18th century. Do anyone have information about > this memorable usage ? This story is frequently repeated but has never been proved. In Austria, family names became obligatory in 1787, in Prussia in 1812; most other German states followed suit in the course of the first half of the 19th century. According to all the laws and regulations, Jews who already had a family name were allowed to keep it (they merely had to register it) and those who didn't have one had to *choose* one. In many states, these *new* family names could be chosen freely. In others, certain types of names were not allowed (but *old* family names were not affected by these restrictions). This usually applied to names from the Hebrew Bible and names based on place names, which shows that the purpose of such measures was to prevent Jews from taking *new* names that were "typically Jewish". In other words, the authorities wanted to reduce the differences between Jews and Gentiles to a minimum, making assimilation a prerequisite for "emancipation", i.e. equal rights. Note that in Prussia and elsewhere, Jews were given citizenhip *on condition* that they take a permanent family name. In Western Galicia, that part of Poland which was under Austrian rule from 1795 to 1815 (when it became part of the new Kingdom of Poland under Russian sovereignty), family names became obligatory in 1805. The wording of the regulations differed from those for Austria proper: In Austria, Jews had to "take" a family name, in Western Galicia they "received" one. It is possible (but by no means certain) that some officials in this region (but not anywhere else) imposed unpleasant names unless they received a bribe (cf. Dietz Bering, Der Name als Stigma 1987, Ch. 2.2, note 45). The ultimate source of all the stories that Jews had to "buy" names is an essay by the writer Karl Emil Franzos, "Namensstudien" (1880), in which he lists ugly and derogatory family names from Galicia. His claim that these names were assigned by a military commission has been refuted by Erwin Manuel Dreifuss in his book Die Familiennamen der Juden (1927, p. 16ff); other authors (e.g. Gerhard Kessler in Die Familiennamen der Juden in Deutschland 1935, p. 80) have pointed out that seemingly ugly names also occur among Gentiles and often aren't derogatory in origin - and some of the "disgusting" Galician names ("Ekelnamen") which Kessler found in the Berlin address book of 1926 don't strike me as "disgusting" at all. In fact, one of the names he assigns to this category, SONNENBLICK (lit. 'sun view'), occurs again under the "phantasy names" with positive connotations, and I also don't understand why MUSKATBLITT (lit. 'nutmeg flower', i.e. the spice mace) should be "disgusting" if MUSKAT is listed under the names derived from merchandise. Obviously, the number of "ugly" names among Jews has been vastly exaggerated - they occur more frequently in jokes and antisemitic remarks than in reality. #07 [Adoption of Family Names & Earlier Name System] (16 Aug 1994) Back to index [Quoting Judith Mostyn, "Bavarian Census of Jews", 15 Aug 94 17:05:38 EDT:] > The entry for my ancestor in the 1826 Bavarian Census of Jews, > contains the following [...]: > > col 4: Befchneidungs und bisheriger Name [Circumcision and former Name]: > Isaac Laemmlein Marx [...] > col 5: Jekiger bleibender Familien Name [Present permanent Family Name]: > Heidenheimer [...] This should be *Beschneidungs-* and *jetziger*. What Judith mistook for an _f_ is a "long" _s_ (which lacks the cross-bar of an _f_). > QUESTIONS: Does this mean his family name was originally MARX and he > changed it to HEIDENHEIMER? In Bavaria (as in other German states), Jews had to take family names sometime in the early 1800s; as I said in my recent message "'Ridiculous' family names", this often was a prerequisite for citizenship. Subsequently, census lists with the new family names were compiled. When family names became obligatory, those Jews who already had a hereditary family name usually kept it, but some used the opportunity to adopt a new name. In Berlin, 458 of 1633 families that had to choose a family name in 1812 already had one (28%); this percentage is higher than average because the Jews in Berlin were more assimilated than those in the country. Of these 458, 63 (14%) decided to change the name - some perhaps because many other families had the same name, others because they wanted to avoid a name that sounded "too Jewish"; there were all sorts of reasons. (The figures are from: Dietz Bering, Der Name als Stigma, Stuttgart 1992, pp. 55/58; Bering's statements are a bit unclear and I hope I have interpreted them correctly.) Jews who didn't have a family name were known by their individual name ("first name") and by their father's name; some also had an additional epithet which was not passed on to the next generation (e.g. 'David the red-haired', 'Moshe the teacher', 'Shmuel from Heidenheim' in contradistinction to other Davids, Moshes, Shmuels). What may be confusing is that the father's name is not identified as such: Nathan's son Isaac was known simply as "Isaac Nathan" - no "ben", no "-sohn" etc. In many cases, the father's name was chosen as a family name. Here's an example from my own family: My 5g-gf Jekutiel ben Chaim was called "Kauffmann Heimann" in German records. Both of these names are individual names ("first names"): "Kauffmann" is his own (a *kinnui* or secular equivalent of his Hebrew name "Jekutiel") and "Heimann" is his father's (a *kinnui* of "Chaim"). Sometimes he was also called "Kauffmann Praeger", where "Praeger" is an epithet meaning 'the one from Prague'. Jekutiel's son Schalom was known as "Salomon Kauffmann". Originally, "Kauffmann" was simply the individual name of his father, but in 1812 Schalom/Salomon chose it as the family name: His son Meir was not called "Meyer Salomon" (individual name + father's name) but "Meyer Kauffmann" (individual name + family name). So, if a person has two names in older records, the second can be: (1) a family name ("Kauffmann" in "Meyer Kauffmann"), (2) the father's name ("Kauffmann" in "Salomon Kauffmann" before 1812), (3) an epithet ("Praeger" in "Kauffmann Praeger"). Since practically all individual names and epithets can become family names, one can't determine which type of name it is without looking at the sequence of generations. If a person has three names, there are even more possibilities. Here's another example from my family: My 3g-gf Joseph Lippmann Mugdan had a brother Samuel Herrmann Mugdan and a son Elieser Lippmann Mugdan. In all cases, "Mugdan" is the family name, but the role of the "middle name" differs: (1) In "Joseph Lippmann", "Lippmann" is the name of Joseph's father. (2) In "Elieser Lippmann", "Lippmann" is the *kinnui* of "Elieser", i.e. the two names are equivalent. (An interesting piece of evidence are the gravestones of two of Elieser Lippmann's sons: one says "ben Lippmann", the other "ben Elieser".) Such combinations were quite popular (cf. "Menachem Mendel", "Dov Ber", "Zvi Hirsch" etc.). (3) In "Samuel Herrmann", "Herrmann" is a second individual name. This is clear from the gravestone, which gives "Shmuel Chaim" as the Hebrew name. ("Hermann" is another, more modern *kinnui* of "Chaim".) Again, additional evidence is needed to decide which type of name it is. Now, what about "Isaac Laemmlein Marx"? "Laemmlein" is a diminutive of the German word "Lamm" ('lamb'); it can be a *kinnui* of "Asher" (for unknown reasons). "Marx" is a Germanized form of "Mordechai" (and so are "Mark", "Markus", "Marcuse" etc.) and could be either the father's name or a family name. > Is Loew a name? Woman's or Man's name? First name or family name? "Loew" (from the German word for 'lion') is a *kinnui* of "Yehuda" (based on Bereshit 49:9), i.e. a man's name. It is often used in combination with "Yehuda" (cf. R' Yehuda Loew ben Betzalel, the Maharal of Prague, who is said to have created the Golem) and, like most individual names ("first names"), also became a family name. #08 [Kinnui; personal message to Dan Leeson] (10 Nov 1994) Back to index > Date: Wed, 09 Nov 1994 19:37:44 EST > First, I understand a kinnui to apply to a secular first name, and I > believe that this is consistent with your understanding. Yes. In the most typical case, a kinnui is a secular "equivalent" of someone's Jewish (Hebrew, more rarely Aramaic or Greek) given name. The kinnui can be a name in the vernacular language (German, Yiddish, Polish, Russian or whatever), but often it only sounds like a name in the vernacular language without being used as such by non-Jews. Thus, _Koppelmann_ *sounds* German but doesn't occur as a Gentile name. The relationship between a name and its kinnui can be of various kinds: (1) The words underlying the name and its kinnui have similar meanings. Examples: _Flora_ for _Blume_ (diminutive _Bluemchen_ or _Bluemel_, 'flower'); with the added element -mann: _Lichtmann_ for _Me'ir_. (2) The name and its kinnui sound similar. Examples: _Meyer_ (an exclusively Jewish given name) for _Me'ir_, _Moritz_ (a name also used by Gentiles) for _Moshe_; with the added elements -el and/or -mann: _Koppel_ or _Koppelmann_ for _Ya'akov_. (3) The kinnui alludes to a characteristic of the Biblical figure who was the first bearer of the name. I listed some examples in a message on JEWISHGEN of 31 Jan: > Certain animals are traditionally associated with common > Hebrew first names. (In part, these associations are based > on Jacob's blessings for his sons, Bereshit 49.) The German > words for these animals were used as secular first names > (Hebrew "kinnui") and often became family names, e.g. > Judah - Loew, Loeb, etc; Spanish Leon 'lion' [rest of quote deleted - see message 01] > A corrupted or diminutive form of the Hebrew or Yiddish first name > would do for a surname; i.e., Baruch Bendit, or Jacob Koppelman. _Bendit_ is a translation equivalent of _Baruch_ ('the blessed one'), not a "corrupted" form (an expression I would avoid anyway). It was common to use the Jewish name and the kinnui in combination; in this case, _Bendit_ wasn't a surname (in the sense of 'family name') but simply a second given name. > Now in none of this can I come out with Mordechai as a kinnui for > Marx. And that is the source of my confusion. All of the sources > I have looked at suggest that Marx has a Roman origin. Of course, _Marcus_ is a Latin name. But just as Latin _Benedict_ (French _Bendit_) can be a kinnui of _Baruch_, _Marcus_ or the shortened variant _Marx_ can be a kinnui (of type 2) for _Mordechai_ (not the other way round). In his book "Die Familiennamen der Juden in Deutschland", Gerhard Kessler lists the following German-sounding equivalents of _Mordechai_: Mark, Markus, Markuse, Markusy, Markmann, Marx In his "Dictionary of Jewish Names", Kaganoff says under MARKS: Jews with a Hebrew name of Moshe or Mordechai often selected Marcus or Mark as the non-Hebrew name. I'm sure that the Guggenheimers say the same thing (I was able to get their dictionary of Jewish family names by inter-library loan but had to return it; it's a very valuable source for kinnuim.) There is also documentary of this kinnui-equivalence, for example in Jacob Jacobson's index of Jewish marriages in Berlin (Juedische Trauungen in Berlin 1759-1813, Berlin: de Gruyter 1968). There, _Marcus_ occurs very frequently as a kinnui of _Mordechai_, and one Mordechai ben Zwi Mirels who died in 1654 in Vienna was also known as *Marx* Fraenkel. #09 Re: Adoption of family names (5 Feb 1995) Back to index In a message of Mon, 30 Jan 1995 17:06:01 LOCAL, Mimi Hiller <HILLER@smartdocs.com> wrote "Re: Jews took names": MH> I believe it was around 1804 in Russia as part of the ukases (edicts) MH> concentrating on the cultural suffocation of the country's Jews. And in a message of Tue, 31 Jan 1995, Walter Ratajczyk wrote on the same topic, relying on Norman Davies in God's Playground: A History of Poland. Volume II: 1795 To The Present: WR> With the fall of Poland Prussia, Austria and Russia eliminated WR> jurisdiction of kahal and in order to exercise better control over Jews WR> began their registration. In Austria and Russia it started in 1791 WR> in Prussia it was conducted on the basis of Judenregelment 1797. WR> In Austria and Prussia bureaucrats were giving names to Jews at their WR> discretion, [...] Here we go again ;-) (1) Purpose of family names At least in the various German states (including Austria), the requirement for Jews to adopt hereditary family names didn't serve the purpose of "cultural suffocation" or of "better control", and the same is probably true of other European countries. In the late 18th / early 19th c., the ideals of freedom and equality led to a new attitude towards the Jews: They were no longer regarded as strangers living in their own segregated world, the ghetto, but as citizens with (more or less) the same rights as non-Jews. One prerequisite for citizenship ("naturalization", "emancipation") was the adoption of a family name. The non-Jews already had family names (in most of Europe, these developed in the course of the 11th-16th c.), and to include the Jews in the name system of the majority was a way of symbolizing their new status in society (cf. Dietz Bering, The Stigma of Names, Ch. 2.1). (2) Were family names given or taken? As I have already pointed out in several earlier messages, the claim that in Prussia and Austria "bureaucrats were giving names to Jews at their discretion" is false, no matter how often it may have been repeated. In all of the German states, the laws and regulations allowed the Jews to choose their own family names. (If they already had a family name, some states required them to keep it, others permitted them to change it if desired.) This was also true of the formerly Polish areas under Prussian and Austrian rule - with a single exception. It concerns Western Galicia, a part of Poland that came under Austrian rule in 1795. There, the Jews were to "receive" family names, but it is far from clear how this actually took place (cf. Dietz Bering, The Stigma of Names, Ch. 2.2, fn. 45). (3) When did family names become obligatory? The dates Walter gives for the former Polish areas could be a little misleading. Eastern Galicia (Austrian since 1772) was included in the "patent" of 1787 for the whole of Austria; the patent for Western Galicia (see above) dates from 1805. The Prussian legislation of 1812 may have included West Prussia (with Bromberg/Bydgoszcz, Polish until 1772) - but I'm not sure about that -, whereas the "Generaljudenreglement" of 1797 concerned New West Prussia (with Warsaw, Polish until 1793) and South Prussia (with Posen/Poznan, Polish until 1795). In most of these areas, Prussian and Austrian rule didn't last long: With the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, which became the Kingdom of Poland (under Russian sovereignty) in 1815, Prussia had to give up New West Prussia and most of South Prussia; Austria lost Western Galicia. In the part of South Prussia that remained Prussian, namely Posen, Jews had to take family names in 1833 (cf. my message "Re: Jews in Posen" of 31 Jan). This suggests that they hadn't done so after the "Generaljudenreglement" of 1797. Similarly, the fact that the Russian *ukaz* of 1804 was followed by a second one in 1835 indicates "that the law of 1804 had not been followed rigorously and that numerous Jews either had adopted no surnames or had changed them once adopted" (Alexander Beider, A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Russian Empire, Teaneck/NJ: Avotaynu: 1993, p. 10; cf. David Chapin's message of 31 Jan). It would be surprising if the Austrians had been more effective during their brief occupation of Western Galicia, so that we should be even more wary of the bobbe mayses about officials giving Jews "ugly" names or asking high prices for "nice" ones. #10 [Family Names Ending in -s] (26 May 1995) Back to index In a message of Sat, 13 May 1995 11:56:23 GMT, David Wihl wrote (Subject: Re: Tribal Membership--Cohen/Levi/Israelite), quoting howard@boxhill.com: DW> H> I am aware of men who took their wife's family name because hers DW> H> was the more "prominent" family. The name change is said to be DW> H> identified by the addition of an "s" (feminine ending). DW> BTW, this comes from Greek, where male names have an "s" appended to DW> the end. That is how English gets Moses out of Moshe Rabbaenu. Sorry, folks, but you seem to be confusing a number of different things. (1) It is true that many Greek male names end in -s, and that this accounts for _Moses_ as the Greek (and hence Latin, English, German etc.) equivalent of _Moshe_. (BTW, the example also illustrates that the Greeks regularly replaced Hebrew _sh_ by _s_.) But this Greek -s has nothing to do with the supposed "feminine ending" Howard was talking about. (2) In the Germanic languages (English, German, Yiddish, Swedish etc.), many family names are derived from given names by the addition of an -s, e.g. English Peters or Judeo-German/Yiddish Sanders (from Sander, a short form of Alexander). This -s is not a "feminine ending" but rather a possessive or genitive suffix. In such names, it is equivalent to the more complete construction "X's son", which has given rise to innumerable family names, such as English Johnson or Judeo-German/ Yiddish Lewinson (from Lewin, a variant of Leib, the kinnui of Yehuda). (3) In families in which continuity in the male line is highly valued (this includes rabbinical dynasties as well as - lehavdil - non-Jewish farmers in northern Germany, for instance), a son-in-law often takes on the role of a son. To emphasize that he is the legitimate successor, he may adopt the family name of his wife (or rather, his father-in-law). AFAIK, the name is not modified when this happens. #11 [Re: Origin of Family Name] ISAACS (29 Aug 1995) Back to index In a message of Mon, 28 Aug 1995 09:45:08 -0400, EDWARD L CHUMNEY <chumney@timken.com> wrote EC> The answer that I got from several people was: Isaacs means "Son of EC> Isaac" and is a Jewish name. I have looked at books like "Finding our EC> Fathers" which shows that Isaacs is definately a Jewish name. He added a message from the UK/Ireland Genealogy list. There, someone else had asked whether the name ISAAC/ISAACS was > a. Welsh > b. Cornish > c. Norman > d. Jewish > e. all of the above and got the reply: > The answer is E. > The name is a patronomic [sp!, should be "patronymic", Joachim] and any > place that adopted patronomic surnames, and used the name Isaac as a > first name, could have this as a surname. It implies no particular > ethnicity, as at various times this name [is] used [in] Wales, Cornwall, > and England, all of which had their own patronomic tradition [...] Edward wanted an opinion on this, and since similar questions come up quite frequently, I'd like to reply publicly: The answer *is* E. With very few exceptions, there are no family names that are "definitely Jewish" in the sense that the original bearer must have been Jewish. This applies to names with all sorts of origins: - Patronymics derived from Hebrew given names (Abraham, Isaacs etc.), - place names with the suffix -er (Hamburger, Wiener etc.), - animal names (Hirsch, Baer etc.), - professions and titles (Richter, Herzog etc.), - artificial names that resemble place names (Rosenthal, Goldberg etc.). Lots of supposedly "typically Jewish" names are attested in purely Gentile families, and even the names KOHN and LEWIN can have totally non-Jewish origins (from the Germanic given names Kuno and Liebwein, respectively). Since all ethnic groups in Europe use essentially the same types of family names, this should not come as a surprise. In other words, you *cannot* conclude from a family name alone whether the family is/was Jewish or not. Generally, the origin of a family name doesn't tell you much about the origin of the family. For example, the name HAMBURGER suggests some connection with the city of Hamburg. It need not necessarily imply that the person who adopted the name actually used to live there. And if he did, it wouldn't help you much in tracing his ancestors - because he would normally not be known as HAMBURGER until after leaving Hamburg. So, please don't attach so much importance to names and focus on the real evidence, i.e. family traditions, documents etc. Copyright (c) Joachim Mugdan 1994-1995 Joachim Mugdan <mugdan@uni-muenster.de> InfoFile created 7 September 1995 / HTML version 26 December 1995 FAMILY TREE DNA HOME   |  PROJECT SEARCH   |  LOGIN About This Group Y-DNA Results Join Request DNA FAQ Iberian Ashkenaz/ EEIJH- Background Administrators dardasht1@yahoo.com , Group Administrator Judy Simon heyjude0701@gmail.com , Group Administrator Surnames Abarbanel, Abravanel, Abroz, Adriaansen, Albagesi, Al-Bagezi, Albom, Alfonso, Alomar, Alvarez, Alves, Ambroz, Ambrozic, Amsterdam, Anbroz, Andrada, Andrade, Antunez, Anusim, Arabena, Arabene, Aravena, Arfin, Arkeen, Arkin, Arroyo, Asbel, Asbili, Ashkenazi, Bacque, Balearic, Banks, Barbanel, Bardige, Bardyga, Barrufet, Baruch, Bassan, Bauer, Baumann, Ben-Safed, Berdiga, Berdugo, Bergida, Biro, Biterman, Blooshi, Blumberg, Blushinsky, Boldo, Bonet, Bonnet, Boushee, Brandman, Braverman, Brody, Bross, Broz, Brozgol, Burde, Bush, Cahn, Calero, Calvete, Campos, Candelaria, Cantor, Carmona, Carrasco, Cavalier, Celentano, Charlap, Charlow, Chernoff, Chueta, Clavero, Cobarrubias, Cohen, Colman, Colthorpe, Consor, Converso, Cordes, Cordoba, Cordova, Cortez, Costa, Covo, Cruz, Crypto-Jew, Czerner, Da Costa, Davenport, Davis, de Andrade, de Broz, de Leeuwe, de Leon, de Lima, de Lira, de Lyon, de Melo, de Oliveira, DeCosta, Del Porto, Delgado, deLisser, Denovitch, Denowitz, Dillon, Doernberg, Dolgow, Domangue, Domingues, Dominguez, dos Santos, Douglas, Duran, EEIJH, Elizabelar, Elliot, Ellman, Engelberg, Epner, Epstein, Eskenazi, Evans, Fahn, Faust, Fay, Fayet, Feliciano, Fernandez, Ferrara, Ferreiro, Filho, Fiol, Fischer, Freeman, Friedman, Gabler, Gafanovich, Gaffin, Garcia, Gass, Gavira, Gazzah, Gefen, Gelfand, Gelpe, Gerstl, Gobb, Gobbi, Gobler, Gold, Goldstone, Golombek, Goncalves, Gonzales, Goza, Gozhanskij, Grana, Granade, Grausbard, Greenspan, Gussow, Guzardo, Guzzardo, Haag, Halpern, Harlow, Harrold, Henoch, Hernandez, Herzlich, Hofmeister, Holiger, Hollander, Hollinger, Hosse, Hubbard, Hullinger, Hurroz, Iberian, Iofe, Jabbari, Jacobi, Jacoby, Jaffe, Jewish, Kadosh, Kanzor, Kapilevich, Katz, Kavalierchik, Khokhar, Knight, Kopolow, Kushner, Langinger, Lanier, Laniewski, Lasner, Latre, Laufer, Leon, Lerner, Levenstein, Levi, Levin, Levine, Levinge, Levy, Lewis, Lisbona, Lo Guzardo, Lopes, Lopez, Lourdon, Lovinger, Lozano, Lucas, Luria, Lurie, Majorca, Mallorca, Martin, Mason, Mata, May, Mayer, Medina, Melamed, Melamedavitz, Melamid, Melondovitch, Mendes, Mendez, Merido, Merino, Merovitz, Merritt, Mijatovik, Miller, Mizruchi, Montesa, Morales, Morrison, Mozesson, Naconiezmy, Naranjo, Nasatir, Neto, Noguera, Ofen, Oliveira, Orabona, Orabuena, Pabon, Padua, Padva, Padwa, Padwe, Padwee, Padwi, Paenson, Paiensohn, Paienson, Palumbo, Parker, Passy, Paul, Paulson, Pe-Curto, Pelliccioli, Pellish, Pelta, Pereira, Pereiro, Peres, Perez, Permut, Perry, Pines, Pinzon, Portugal, Povlotsky, Prochownik, Pyenson, Pynson, Quinn, Ralat, Ramon, Ramos, Raphael, Raphaelson, Raskin, Relat, Rest, Reyes, Ricci, Rios, Rivera, Robbins, Roco, Roderick, Rodriguez, Roitman, Rojo, Roman, Rombro, Rosenblatt, Rotblatt, Rothrock, Rulat, Ryan, Rzepka, Sagarbarrio, Sailer, Salas, Salinas, Sandground, Sandhaus, Santi, Santiago, Santos, Santoscoy, Saylor, Schank, Schermer, Schischa, Schlussel, Schor, Schroeder, Searfoss, Seiler, Sephardic, Sephardim, Serebryanyi, Shaltiel, Shams, Shapiro, Shaw, Shumyatsky, Silver, Simpkins, Smith, Spain, Spector, Srebreny, Stanley, Stein, Tafolla, Talalay, Talalaya, Talalya, Tarkoff, Taylor, Teixeira, Tenorio, Terriente, Thugut, Tilles, Tollin, Tomas, Torres, Tovares, Trabitz, Trapido, Troyansky, Trujillo, Tucker, Turski, Underwood, Urovish, Urroz, Vargas, Varnavatii, Varnavatyi, Vaz, Velasco, Villa, Villar, Villegas, Vitale, Vroz, Watts, Webber, Weber, Weinberger, Weiseman, Whalen, Whisman, Widelec, Widelitz, Wiseman, Wyzan, Xuereb, Xuete, Yaffe, Yoffee, Zaidins, Zayden, Zermeno, Zhivotovsky Background There are Ashkenazi families in Eastern, Western, Northern and Central Europe who have Spanish or Portuguese surnames, an oral history of having Sephardic ancestors, or some other indicator of Sephardic heritage such as a particular custom or being a carrier of a genetic disease found mostly in the Mediterranean. Often their Sephardic ancestry has not been verifiable through archival records. We would like to find out if DNA analysis provides support of a Sephardic ancestry among some Ashkenazi Jews. There is some historic research that documents the presence of Sephardic Jews in Eastern Europe.  A YIVO summary article of this research can be found at: http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sephardim In the table of Y-results, sub-categories are labeled "unconfirmed," "possible," "likely" and "confirmed" Sephardic ancestry, as well as "converso" and "possible converso." Please note that use of the term "confirmed" does NOT imply that we have found archival records to support the DNA-based conclusion. For the purposes of this project, "confirmation" means that there is a high probability that the Y-DNA match between the Ashkenazi and Sephardi or converso descendant traces back to a common ancestor who lived in Iberia during the 14th-16th centuries. It does NOT imply that the the ancestral line originated in the Near East, nor does it imply that the common ancestors necessarily lived for many generations in Iberia.  LEARNING ABOUT GENETIC GENEALOGY: In addition to the Family Tree DNA tutorials, the following are helpful DNA 101 websites: http://blairdna.com/dna101.html http://www.kerchner.com/anonftp/pub/introg&g.htm An overview of the origins of the various haplogroups found in Jewish populations, including the Cohen Modal Haplotype can be found at: http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm An article from Commentary Magazine on Jews and DNA: http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/jews-and-their-dna-12496 An interview with Jon Entine, author of Abraham's Children: Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People: http://reformjudaismmag.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=1321 A non-technical overview "Genetics and Jewish Identity" by Diana Muir Appelbaum and Paul S. Appelbaum MD was published in the Jerusalem Post, Feb 11, 2008: http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1202742130771&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull A glossary for those unfamiliar with the terminology used by genetic genealogists can be found at: http://www.isogg.org/course/glossary.htm Wikipedia is also a reliable source for information on genetic genealogy General Fund To donate to the general fund please click here. Family Tree DNA - Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. World Headquarters 1445 North Loop West, Suite 820 Houston, Texas 77008, USA Phone: (713) 868-1438 | Fax: (832) 201-7147 Contact Us © All Contents Copyright 2001-2011 Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. Project Background, Goals, Results and News are copyright of the specific Surname Project Significado dos sobrenomes 5/25/2006 | Filed under: Nomes, nomes judaicos, Sobrenomes | Posted by: Magal Significado dos sobrenomes Há dezenas de milhares de sobrenomes judeus utilizando a combinação das cores, dos elementos da natureza, dos ofícios, cidades e características físicas. Um pequeno exercício é perguntar: Quantos sobrenomes judaicos podemos reconhecer com a raiz das seguintes palavras? Cores: Roit, Roth (vermelho); Grun, Grin (verde); Wais, Weis, Weiss (branco); Schwartz, Swarty (escuro, negro); Gelb, Gel (amarelo). Panoramas: Berg (montanha); Tal, Thal (vale); Wasser (água); Feld (campo); Stein (pedra); Stern (estrela); Hamburguer (morador da vila). Metais, pedras preciosas, mercadorias: Gold (ouro), Silver (prata), Kupfer (cobre), Eisen (ferro), Diamant, Diamante (diamante), Rubin (rubi), Perl (pérola), Glass, (vidro), Wein (vinho). Vegetação: Baum, Boim (árvore); Blat (folha); Blum (flor); Rose (rosa); Holz (Madeira). Características físicas: Shein, Shen (bonito); Hoch (alto); Lang (comprido); Gross, Grois (grande), Klein (pequeno), Kurtz (curto); Adam (homem). Ofícios: Beker (padeiro); Schneider (alfaiate); Schreiber (escriturário); Singer (cantor). Holtzkocker (cortador de madeira), Geltschimidt (ourives), Kreigsman, Krigsman, Krieger, Kriger (guerreiro, soldado), Eisener (ferreiro), Fischer (peixeiro, pescador), Gleizer (vidreiro). Utilizaram-se as palavras de forma simples, combinadas e com a agregação de sílabas como son, filho; man, homem; er: que designa lugar, agregando-se preferencialmente após o final do nome da cidade. Em muitos países adaptaram-se as terminações dos sobrenomes ao uso do idioma do país como o sufixo "ski", "sky" ou "ska" para o caso de mulher, "as", "iak", "shvili" , "wicz" ou "vich". Então, com a mesma raiz, temos por exemplo: Gold, que deriva em Goldman, Goldrossen, Goldanski, Goldanska, Goldas, Goldiak, Goldwicz, etc. A terminação indica que idioma falava-se no país de onde é o sobrenome. Sobrenomes espanhóis: Entre os sobrenomes judaicos espanhóis é fácil reconhecer ofícios, designados em árabe, ou em hebraico, como: Amzalag (joalheiro); Saban (saboneiro); Nagar (carpinteiro); Haddad (ferreiro); Hakim (médico). Profissões relacionadas com a sinagoga como: Hazan (cantor); Melamed (maestro); Dayan (juiz). Cohen (rabino). Levy, Levi (auxiliar do templo). Títulos honoríficos: Navon (sábio); Moreno (nosso mestre) e Gabay (oficial). O sobrenome popular Peres, muitas vezes escrito Perez, com a terminação idiomática espanhola, não é, no entanto, sobrenome de origem espanhola, mas uma palavra hebraica que designa os capítulos nos quais a Torá (os cinco livros do Pentateuco), se divide para sua leitura semanal, de forma a completar em um ano a leitura da Torá. Muitos sobrenomes espanhóis adquiriram pronuncia ashkenazi na Polônia, como exemplo, Castelanksi, Luski (que vem da cidade de Huesca, na Espanha). Ou tomaram como sobrenome Spanier (espanhol), Fremder (estranho) ou Auslander (estrangeiro). Na Itália a Inquisição se instalou depois que na Espanha, de modo que houve também judeus italianos que emigraram para a Polônia. Aparece o sobrenome Italiener e Welsch ou Bloch, porque a Itália é também chamada de Wloche em alemão. Nomes de cidade ou país de residência: Exemplos: Berlin, Berliner, Frankfurter, Danziger, Oppenheimer, Deutsch ou Deutscher (alemão), Pollack (polonês), Breslau, Mannheim, Cracóvia, Warshaw, (Varsóvia). Nomes comprados: Exemplos: Gluck (sorte), Rosen (rosas), Rosenblatt (papel ou folha de rosas), Rosenberg (montanha de rosas), Rothman (homem vermelho), Koenig (rei),Koenigsberg (a montanha do rei), Spielman (homem que joga ou toca), Lieber (amante), Berg (montanha), Wasserman (morador da água), Kershenblatt (papel de igreja), Kramer (que tenta passar como não judeu). Nomes designados (normalmente indesejáveis): Exemplos: Plotz (morrer), Klutz (desajeitado), Billig (barato). Sobrenomes oriundos da Bíblia: Uma boa quantidade de sobrenomes judeus deriva dos nomes bíblicos, ou de cidades européias da Ásia Menor. Isto muitas vezes fez os judeus levarem consigo as pegadas dos lugares em que se originaram. Tomemos como exemplo de "raiz de sobrenome" o nome de Abraham (Abrahão). Filho de Abraham se diz diferentemente em cada idioma. Abramson, Abraams, Abramchik em alemão, ou holandês. Abramov ou Abramoff em russo. Abramovici, Abramescu em rumeno. Abramski, Abramovski nas línguas eslavas. Abramino em espanhol, Abramelo em italiano. Abramian en armênio, Abrami, Ben Abram em hebraico. Bar Abram em aramaico e Abramzadek ou Abrampur em persa. Abramshvili em georgiano, Barhum ou Barhuni em árabe. Os judeus de países árabes também usaram o prefixo ibn. Os cristãos também passaram a usar seus sobrenomes com agregados que significam "filho de". Os espanhóis usam o sufixo "ez", os suecos o sufixo "sen" e os escoceses põem "Mac" no início do sobrenome. Os sobrenomes judaicos não tomaram a terminação sueca nem o prefixo escocês. Pode-se constatar essas variações olhando em catálogos telefônicos quantos sobrenomes há derivados de Abraham, Isaac e Jacob. Há também sobrenomes judeus que seguem o nome de mulheres, mas é menos comum. As vezes isto acontecia porque as mulheres eram viúvas, ou por alguma razão eram figuras dominantes na família. Goldin vem de Golda. Hanin de Hana. Perl, ou Perles de Rivka. Um fato curioso apresenta o sobrenome Ginich. A filha do Gaon de Vilna se chamava Gine, e se casou com um rabino vindo da Espanha. Seus filhos e netos ficaram conhecidos como os descendentes de Gine e tomaram o sobrenome Ginich. Também há sobrenomes derivados de iniciais hebraicas, como Katz ou Kac, que em polonês se pronuncia Katz. São duas letras em hebraico, K e Z iniciais das palavras Kohen Zedek, que significa "sacerdote justo". Sobrenomes adquiridos em viagens: Nos sobrenomes que derivam de cidades a origem é clara em Romano, Toledano, Minski, Kracoviac, Warshawiak (de Varsóvia). Outras vezes o sobrenome mostra o caminho que os judeus tomaram na diáspora. Por exemplo, encontramos na Polônia sobrenomes como Pedro, que é um nome ibérico. O que indica? Foram judeus que escaparam da Inquisição espanhola no século XV. Em sua origem, possivelmente eram sefaradim, mas se mesclaram e adaptaram ao meio azkenazi. Muitas avós polonesas se chamam Sprintze. De onde vem esse nome? O que significa? Lembrem-se que em hebraico não se escrevem as vogais, assim que é um nome que se escreve em letras hebraicas Sprinz, que em polonês se lê Sprintze, mas como leríamos esse nome se colocássemos as vogais? Em español, seria Esperanza, e em português Esperança, que escrito em hebraico e lido em polonês resulta Sprintze. Mudança de sobrenomes: Existem muitas histórias nas mudanças dos sobrenomes. Durante as conversões forçadas na Espanha e em Portugal, muitos judeus se converteram adotando novos sobrenomes, que as paróquias escolhiam para os "cristãos novos" como Salvador ou Santa Cruz. Outros receberam o sobrenome de seus padrinhos cristãos. Mais tarde, ao fugir para a Holanda, América ou ao Império turco, voltaram à religião judaica, sem perder seu novo sobrenome. Assim apareceram sobrenomes como Diaz ou Dias, Errera ou Herrera, Rocas ou Rocha, Marias ou Maria, Fernandez ou Fernandes, Silva, Gallero ou Galheiro, Mendes, Lopez ou Lopes, Fonseca, Ramalho, Pereira e toda uma série de denominações de árvores frutíferas (Macieira, Laranjeira, Amoreira, Oliveira e Pinheiro). Ou ainda de animais como Carneiro, Bezerra, Lobo, Leão, Gato, Coelho, Pinto e Pombo. Outra mudança de sobrenomes foi causada pelas guerras. As pessoas pederam, ou quiseram perder seus documentos, e se "conseguia" um passaporte com sobrenome que não denunciava sua origem, para cruzar a salvo uma fronteira, ou escapar do serviço militar. Nos fins do século XIX o Czar da Rússia, exigia 25 anos de serviço militar obrigatório, especialmente dos judeus. Quantos imigrantes fugiram da Rússia e da Ucrânia com passaportes mudados para evitar uma vida dedicada ao exército do Czar? Outra questão é que somos filhos de imigrantes, e muitos sobrenomes se desfiguraram com a mudança de país e de idioma. As vezes eram os funcionários da Alfândega ou da Imigração, outras o próprio imigrante que não sabia espanhol, ou escrevia mal. Por isso, muitos integrantes da mesma família têm sobrenomes similares em som, mas escritos com grafia diferente. Além disso, na Polônia a mulher tinha um sobrenome diferente do masculino, terminava em "ska", no lugar de "ski", pois indicava o gênero. Esses, são só alguns dos milhares de sobrenomes judeus existentes. E assim a história continua... Posted by Magal on 5/25/2006. Filed under Nomes, nomes judaicos, Sobrenomes . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. You can leave a response or trackback to this entry Read more: http://www.coisasjudaicas.com/2006/05/sobrenomes-judeus-de-que-razes-se.html#ixzz1fpxR4sCy